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A Unified Cutting Force Model for Flat End Mills Based on Cutter Geometry and Material Properties ZHANG Xiaodonga *, HAN Ceb, ZHANG Dinghuac* and LUO Mingd Key Laboratory of Contemporary Design and Integrated Manufacturing Technology (Northwestern Polytechnical University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an 710072, China aavail_2006@126.com, bhance@mail.nwpu.edu.cn, cdhzhang@nwpu.edu.cn, dluoming@nwpu.edu.cn Keywords: Cutting force; Oblique cutting; Flat end mills; Cutter angles; Material properties Abstract.
In this model, the cutting force is bridged among cutter geometry, material properties and cutting parameters.
The cutting force coefficient includes all the information of chip deformation in cutting process depended by cutter geometry and material properties, but it is simply defined as a constant in cutting force prediction.
However, chip thickness is an important factor in metal cutting deformation process which affects material properties.
Cutting velocity and feed rate per tooth are the variable factors in the identification tests.

It has been shown that [5], the crack initiation and propagation is not affected by stress s ratio and the maximum stress.
Actually, the acting factor is stress amplitude, i.e., Δσ=σmax—σmin.
Therefore, in the process of full-scale fatigue tests (four-point bending + inner pressure), the main influencing factors, including welding residual stress, stress concentration, initial defects, internal pressure shutdown and pressure fluctuation should be taken into consideration comprehensively.
The chemical composition and mechanical properties of pipes are shown in table 1 and table 2.
Table 1 Chemical Composition Steel grade C Mn P S Nb V Ti X65 ＜0.26 ＜1.4 0.04 0.05 0.005 0.005 0.005 Table 2 Mechanical property Yield strength(ss)/MPa Tensile strength(sb)/MPa Extensibility(δ)/ % ＞448 ＞530 30.7 The length of full-scale specimen is 8m.

Fig.2 shows the mechanical properties of these alloys obtained by bending test.
Polarization curves measurement These alloys were measured polarization curves to examine the basic electrochemical properties of it.
In the case of Bi added alloy, precipitates of Mg3Bi2 which were observed around grain boundary and interior of grains enhance cathodic reaction. 3) From the view point of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, addition of 1.0 vol% Sn in magnesium shows best performance in the alloys.
Fig. 2 Mechanical properties of sintered Mg-1.0vol.
Fig. 2 Mechanical properties of sintered Mg-1.0vol.

Significant factors that influence the coating characteristic are determined by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and to develop a polynomial quadratic model.
The model is used to predict the grain size and indicates the effect of process factors to the TiN coating grain size.
In this study, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine the significant factors influencing the TiN coating grain size and the present of interactions affecting the characteristic.
As shown in Table 2, the ANOVA analysis indicates that the turntable speed and Argon pressure quadratic term are the significant influencing factors of the TiN coating grain size.
Abdul Hakim, "Effect of PVD process parameters on the TiAlN coating roughness," Journal of mechanical Engineering and Technology, vol. 2, pp. 41-54, 2010

Thus, thermal conductivity is an extremely important factor in the development of energy-efficient heat transfer [6].
The thermal conductivity of nanofluids was measured at three difference temperature (6°C, 25°C and 45°C) using KD2 Pro Thermal Properties Analyzer.
It is well known that the smaller the size of the nanocarbon particles furnish the better thermal transport properties, since the diminishing size will offer bigger surface area for heat transfer.
Hamid, Investigations on the Thermo-physical Properties of Nanofluid-based Carbon Nanofibers under Modified Testing Conditions, Int.
Schlogl, Analysis of the Structure and Chemical Properties of some Commercial Carbon Nanostructure, Carbon 47(7) (2009) 1779-1798

Introduction Numerical simulation has many merits under the physical conditions that the structure to be numerically simulated and the real structure are sufficiently similar, for example, time-saving, labor-saving, no equipment restrictions, repeatability, feasibility for simulation of complex loading paths that the load equipment is difficult to achieve, and stability of the results, i.e. the results are affected by the various factors in the tests [1,2].
Then, the stress intensity factor KⅠ, KⅡ, and KⅢ for each group of samples are calculated by inserting the critical effective crack length and the corresponding peak load into the corresponding dimensionless form of the stress intensity factor formula.
It shows that, because of taking into account the nonlinear properties of concrete, the results of numerical simulation reflect the impact fracture process zone, and the results are safe compare to the results in literature [6]. 1 2 KⅢ/ MPa·m1/2 KⅡ/ MPa·m1/2 KⅠ/ MPa·m1/2 1.
Acknowledgements This work is supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Nos.10972072 and 50878077) References [1] Peng Yijiang, Li Baokun:Numerical Simulation of Meso-level Mechanical Properties of Roller Compacted Concrete[J].
[2] Zhu Wanchun, Zhao Qinlin:Mechanical Model and Numerical Simulation of Fracture Process of Concrete [J].

Furthermore, the influence factors of transverse vibration response are researched including speed, crack depth, crack angle and eccentricity.
The virtual components of the cracked rotor model established in ADAMS environment will not produce deformation since their original property is rigid.
The crack angle only affects the amplitude of working frequency (1X).
Eccentricity only affected the working frequency and the second harmonic is unchanged.
(3) Crack angle and eccentricity only affect the working frequency (1X).

However, the range of parameters is limited by the necessity of providing stability of the welding process and obtaining required properties of the welded joint.
Whereas the complexity of phenomena taking place while forming hydrogen cracks, it can be assumed that a large number of factors affect the amount of diffusible hydrogen in welded joint and some of them are unable to be controlled.
After eliminating the factors whose connection might exclude carrying out the experiment, eleven factors remained.
Still, other factors give the opposite effect.
Whereas other factors affect the outcome parameter in reverse.

Preparation and Characteristics Analysis of PVA Hydrogel for Substituting Creatural Soft Tissue JIANG Shan1, a, CHENG Gong1,b , LIU Sha1,c ,FENG Wenhao1,d, ZHANG Zhen1,e and YANG Zhiyong1,f 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China ashanjiang@tju.edu.cn, byushixiaoxi@sina.com, ckangwoo1313@yahoo.com.cn , dfengwenhao128@yahoo.com.cn, emyferrari1988@sina.com, fmeyang@tju.edu.cn Keywords: Poly vinyl alcohol (PVA); Dimethyl-sulfoxide (DMSO); Mechanics property; Soft tissue; Liver; Deformation Abstract.
As different components ratio and freezing-thaw circle are important complications that affect the property of PVA hydrogel, suitable PVA, DMSO and de-ionized water ratio are main target in this research.
PVA mass, de-ionized water and freezing-thaw circle are three main impact factors.
Young’s modulus was calculated for comparing PVA property with porcine liver property.
Table.4 DMSO-PVA solution and with different freeze-thaw circle PVA [g] De-ionized water [g] DMSO [g] Freeze-thaw circle Young’s modulus [KPa] Data12 3 17 80 1 3.6 Data 13 3 17 80 2 4.2 Data 14 3 17 80 3 8.7 Data 15 3 17 80 4 10.7 Data 16 3 17 80 5 11.2 Fig. 5 Mean stress against the stretch ratio with data in Table.4 Porcine liver property test It is generally believed that the mechanics properties of fresh porcine liver are very close to human liver [7], so the test result would be used as instruction for preparing PVA material.

A 2D cross-sectional geometry of the injector assembly, which incorporated both linear and non-linear magnetic properties of the corresponding materials, was modeled in ANSYS for 2D axisymmetric magnetic simulation.
Traditional solenoid fuel injection system suffered with lack of ability to operate under high speed applications mainly due to factors such as inertia; resulting in wear in valve seat, needle noise and unwanted vibrations.
Besides, the injector housing was composed of 1020 Steel, which is a low carbon steel having soft magnetic material properties.
It is important to check the quality of the resulting mesh, because properties such as skewness can greatly affect the accuracy and robustness of the CFD solution.
However, the mathematical model disregarded factors such as the cross-sectional area of injector outlet, turbulent flow and wall boundary conditions.