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The Silicon powder standard offers a certified unit cell parameter, but grains are too coarse, resulting in poor statistics.
Texture information is reconstructed upon interpolation of the pole figures data, and used in evaluating the X-ray elastic constants according to different grain interaction models [8].
As shown in recent works [9-11], grain interaction models from literature are not always able to models experimental data, as they often introduce too restrictive hypotheses.
Fully characterising the X-ray elastic constants requires a large number of scans at different sample rotations, as well as loading steps.
Welzel: Diffraction Analysis of Residual Stress; Modeling Elastic Grain Interaction, edited by Max-Planck-Institut for Metallforschung, Stuttgart (2002) [9] M.

A number of recent studies has been published in this area but they are mainly focused on producing and characterizing ceramic-metal nano-composites [2,3].
They found dispersion of 100 nm in diameter at the matrix grain boundaries.
It is worthwhile to mention that a significant amount of dislocations and sub-grain boundaries have still remained in the microstructure even after annealing.
TEM BF image (a) microstructure general view of dislocations and fine alumina particles; (b) detailed view pointing out a low angle grain boundary as a dislocation wall.
TEM BF/CDF pair showing the re-arrangement of some of the remaining dislocations into sub-grain boudaries and the homogeneus dispersion of nano particles.

This entails suitable heating-up of the slabs within well defined tolerances to achieve the desired austenite grain size and dissolution of micro-alloying elements.
The proper microstructural design in terms of small effective grain sizes and second phase constituents has become a central element.
This has to be seen as a consequence of the fact that the decrease of the grain size is the only measure to increase strength and toughness simultaneously.
For this project the delivered plates were produced with a tailored process to achieve very fine grain.
In Europe, especially in the North Sea, the number of installations of groups of wind turbines is steadily increasing [17].

Introduction The high strength and high conductivity copper alloy is an excellent comprehensive physical and mechanical properties of functional materials,which are widely used in the industrial fields of electrical, electronic, mechanical switch contact bridge can be used as electrical engineering, caster mold lining, IC lead frame, high-power asynchronous traction motor rotor [1,2].The research group has long been engaged in the development of high strength and high conductivity copper alloy and the exploration and research of strengthen process,then developed and produced a large number of high conductivity copper alloy which was used in turbine and horizontal continuous casting mold.This paper studies mainly discusses the application on generator rotor CuNiBeZrSi slot wedge copper alloy and the strengthen process ,their organizations and performance of which. 1.Test materials, test methods The samples used in this article test is the slot wedge for CuNiBeZrSi copper alloy, its
As for the copper alloy solid solution treatment temperature, appropriate for the alloy after heat insulation precipitates can be fully dissolved in a Cu matrix, and distribution, while the alloy after solution treatment with fine grains, can ensure the follow-up ageing strengthening effect.
Solid solution alloy substrate after recrystallization, the second phase part of the dissolved, still remains part of the dissolved phase II, alloy grain is fairly thick.
Figure 7 After the limitation of the alloy X-ray diffraction analysis Figure 6 Aging 460℃ x3h Can be seen from the diagram, when small grains of 460 degrees centigrade, even.
After whichthetemperature, grain will grow up.

Among the diverse commercial Mg alloys, the Mg-Al-Zn ternary system as-named AZ alloys have found the largest number of industrial applications.
The crystallization of net-like Mg17Al12 compound along the grain boundaries [3] decreases the properties of the Mg-Al alloy, especially for the plasticity and corrosion resistance [4, 5].
The mischmetal is commonly used additive in magnesium alloys; however, the acicular Al-RE compounds easily crystallize both along the grain boundaries and across the grain boundaries, deteriorating the alloy plasticity when RE content is higher than about 0.6% in magnesium alloys containing aluminum [5-7].
The semi-continuous net-like Mg17Al12 phases distribute along the grain boundaries in α-Mg matrix.
Zinc and manganese can improve alloy’s mechanical properties by removing impurities, solution strengthening and grain refining.

Based on the change of film growth temperature shown in Table 1, different grain sizes and morphologies of ZnO films are attained.
Table 1 Preparation conditions of ZnO film devices at different temperatures Sample number Substrate temperature Precursor concentration Carrier gas flow Deposition time Spray rate a 300[℃] 0.005[M] N2, 200[sccm] 10[ min] 4[ml/min] b 400[℃] c 500[℃] d 550[℃] Figure 4 indicated the morphology of ZnO prepared under different substrate temperatures by EUSP.
Figure 4 (c) is the surface of sample at 500 ℃, and it can be found the surface become roughness, and the film thickness increases, which may be due to the faster grain growth caused by the high temperature.
Therefore, incorporation of Al caused a net increase in electronics, increasing the grain conductivity [6].
It was noted that ZnO films with 3mol% Ag doped had a relative high sensitivity, which might be due to Ag clusters which produced by the easy break of Ag-O bond at high temperatures, lowering the contact barrier between the grain boundary and grains, and increasing electron concentration, electrical conductivity and gas sensitivity.

For CMnSi TRIP steel, fine oxides located along the grain boundaries could be found on the sample annealed under more reducing condition.
With increasing oxidizing potential, more and more oxides nodules appear not only at the grain boundaries but also inside the grains and covers almost whole the surface.
With increasing oxidizing potential, some large oxides rich in Al exits at the grain boundaries and inside the grains.
Table 4 Bare spot analysis Steel Atmospheres Number of bare spots Total bare spot area(mm2) CMnSi TRIP 5%H2/95%N2, -30˚CDP 45 15.3 CMnAl TRIP 5%H2/95%N2, -30˚CDP 21 8.5 CMnSi TRIP 20%H2/80%N2, -60˚CDP 11 2.3 CMnAl TRIP 20%H2/80%N2, -60˚CDP 0 0 Conclusions The influence of the annealing atmosphere on the surface condition and wettability of CMnSi TRIP steel and CMnAl TRIP steel has been studied using a HDPS, with emphasis on alloying element of selective oxidation and reactive wetting by the Zn galvanizing bath.

Jun et al. [3] developed a fine diameter fixed abrasive grain wire saw that featured less cutting loss and improved the strength to retain abrasive grains by plating abrasive grains and treating abrasive grains with chemical reagents.
However, loose abrasive wire saw process, whose material removal mechanism equals to lapping, left large numbers of dense pits on the wafer surface.
Due to the characteristics of diamond grit attached to a bare wire in fixed abrasive wire sawing process, the prominent height of the abrasive grains maintains uniform, resulting in a more stable surface quality.

It might attribute to the suppression of Co2+ ions on the grain growth.
As the amount of substituent x was increased to 0.8 and 1.0, the sizes of the grains did not change much, but the plates became thinner and the crystallinity was decreased.
The observation that the grain size decreases with increasing doping concentration x was also noted inprevious work with substituents such as Co2+-Ti4+ [10].
It can be seen that the electron orbital magnetic moment of Co2+ is larger than Fe3+ .What's more, Co2+ replaces Fe3+ makes a number of magnetic atoms inside the material increase.
SEM image shows the well agglomerated grains.

Ferrites with a submicron grain size are some of the most promising materials in magnetic nanocomposites for the absorption of microwave radiation[2].
A detailed discussion and explanation on the microstructures and grain size distributions (average grain sizes within ~150 nm to ~250 nm) of the samples sintered at 900 0C for 10 hours for different compositions are reported in [6].
Since the grain sizes are in the nanometer range, this means both shape anisotropy and surface anisotropy should be considered along with magnetocrystalline anisotropy.
As the Ni2+ content increases, the minimum reflection loss is decreased towards a lower negative number which indicates lower absorption in the sample.
Shafie, Broadening of EM Energy-Absorption Frequency Band By Micrometer-to-Nanometer Grain Size Reduction in NiZn Ferrite, 2013