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Online since: January 2010
Authors: Piotr Lacki, Kwiryn Wojsyk, Andrzej Służalec
It is observed that the brittle and soft zones of coarse-grained ferrite with minimal
impact strength, resulting from internal and external operation parameters, appear in regions where
oscillation of the highest von Mises and normal stresses takes place.
By computing the behaviour of the joint as being loaded with ten successive cycles, a total number of 905 x 10 x 3 = 27 150 collated units of information about plastic strains, normal stresses in the direction x-x, z-z (Fig. 2) and reduced Huber-Mises-Hencky stresses were obtained.
On the left: steel P91; on the right: steel 10H2M As the coarse-grained ferritic zone appears during welding, it is not removed by heat treatment.
In the course of prolonged operation, the zone extends and the ferrite grains grow, while the zone undergoing degradation including a dramatic decline in its impact resistance after a long time of operation [6].
The maximal plastic strains occur in that place of the joint, where it has the least reserves of plasticity, i.e. in the root layer of the coarse-grained ferritic zone, which looses its plasticity reserve in the process of operation.
By computing the behaviour of the joint as being loaded with ten successive cycles, a total number of 905 x 10 x 3 = 27 150 collated units of information about plastic strains, normal stresses in the direction x-x, z-z (Fig. 2) and reduced Huber-Mises-Hencky stresses were obtained.
On the left: steel P91; on the right: steel 10H2M As the coarse-grained ferritic zone appears during welding, it is not removed by heat treatment.
In the course of prolonged operation, the zone extends and the ferrite grains grow, while the zone undergoing degradation including a dramatic decline in its impact resistance after a long time of operation [6].
The maximal plastic strains occur in that place of the joint, where it has the least reserves of plasticity, i.e. in the root layer of the coarse-grained ferritic zone, which looses its plasticity reserve in the process of operation.
Online since: February 2019
Authors: A.V. Roshchin, S.P. Salikhov
Results of Experiments
The siderite ore of the Bakal deposit is represented by the sedimentary rock formed by the layers of sideroplesite with inclusions of the quartz grains.
At initial stage the metal reduction occurred along the grains between the oxide crystals (Fig. 1).
Figure 1 showed that regardless use of graphite or coal as reductants the appearance of the metal phase was not connected with the distribution of the pores and occurred along the grain boundaries.
The number of the pores and their size considerably decreased.
As a result, the products of decomposition were CO2 and CO gases (mass loss was up to 32 %), complex oxides (Fe,Mg,Mn)O and (Fe,Mg,Mn)O·Fe2O3, and a great number of pores appeared in the ore lumps.
At initial stage the metal reduction occurred along the grains between the oxide crystals (Fig. 1).
Figure 1 showed that regardless use of graphite or coal as reductants the appearance of the metal phase was not connected with the distribution of the pores and occurred along the grain boundaries.
The number of the pores and their size considerably decreased.
As a result, the products of decomposition were CO2 and CO gases (mass loss was up to 32 %), complex oxides (Fe,Mg,Mn)O and (Fe,Mg,Mn)O·Fe2O3, and a great number of pores appeared in the ore lumps.
Precession Electron Diffraction Assisted Orientation Mapping in the Transmission Electron Microscope
Online since: March 2010
Authors: Edgar F. Rauch, Joaquim Portillo, Stavros Nicolopoulos, Mauro Gemmi, Daniel Bultreys
Such reliability maps clearly reveal grain boundaries and
textures (Fig. 5 ).
This is the case for thick crystals where ED patterns show a combination of a strong diffuse inelastic scattering background with Kikuchi lines and a reduced number of faint diffraction spots.
For such thick crystals and in general, precessed ED patterns exhibit a higher number of ED spots with especific intensity distribution and do not show Kikuchi lines.
The origin of both graphs starts in 0º misorientation for the first data point and should extend towards 18º for the last measured data point (number 400).
As it can be observed, orientation map quality increases with precession, since each colour domain corresponds to a single crystal grain with a definite orientation and should not show colour fluctuations, as it is the case.
This is the case for thick crystals where ED patterns show a combination of a strong diffuse inelastic scattering background with Kikuchi lines and a reduced number of faint diffraction spots.
For such thick crystals and in general, precessed ED patterns exhibit a higher number of ED spots with especific intensity distribution and do not show Kikuchi lines.
The origin of both graphs starts in 0º misorientation for the first data point and should extend towards 18º for the last measured data point (number 400).
As it can be observed, orientation map quality increases with precession, since each colour domain corresponds to a single crystal grain with a definite orientation and should not show colour fluctuations, as it is the case.
Online since: August 2012
Authors: Li Bin Xu, Hao Wen Ye, Nai Qian Feng, Ch'ng Guan Bee
Table 1 Statistics of the World Ultra-High-Rise Buildings and the Heights of the Concrete Pumping
Number
Building
Nation
Building Height
(m)
Building Stories
Concrete Number
Pumping Height
(m)
1
Burj Khalifa Tower
The United Arab Emirates
828
160
C80
452
2
Taipei 101[7]
Taiwan, China
508
101
10000psi
/
3
Shanghai Global Financial Hub
China
492
101
C40
492
4
The Petronas Twin Towers
Malaysia
452
88
/
/
5
Sears Tower
The United States
442
108
C25
295
6
West Tower of Twins Tower in Guangzhou Pearl River New Town
China
441
103
C100
411
7
Shanghai Jinmao Maison
China
421
88
C40
382.5
8
Hongkong International Financial Center
Hongkong, China
420
88
C60
408
2.2 Preparation parameters of high performance concrete in super high-rise buildings
According to the documents and reports, this article has enumerated the C80 concrete of Burj Khalifa Tower in the United Arab Emirates [1], C40 concrete of Shanghai Global Financial Hub [4], C40 concrete of Shanghai Jinmao Mansion [6] and C60 concrete
Table 3 Statistics of the High Performance Concrete Working Performance in Ultra-High-Buildings Number Building Concrete Number Slumping degree Extended degree Slumping time 1 Burj Khalifa Tower C80 / Paving degree: 50cm / 2 Shanghai Global Financial Hub C40 220~240mm Over 500mm Over 2h 3 Sears Tower[5] C25 203mm / / 4 Shanghai Jinmao Mansion C40 230~250mm Over 550mm Over 2h 5 Hongkong International Financial Centrer C60 180~200mm / / Analyzing the above-mentioned data can conclude that general requirement of the slumping degree of the high pumping concrete should be over 200m and the extended degree should be over 500m. 3 Research and development of ultra-high-performance concrete and ultra-high-performance self-compacting concrete and its high performance pumping technology [8] 3.1 Project Introduction West Tower Project in Guangzhou is one of the six landmarks in Pearl River New Town, located in the southwest part of the core financial business area in Pearl River New Town
Pointed to the special requirements of C60~C100 super high pumping concrete in Guangzhou West Tower Project, the concrete mixture should has big fluidity and low viscosity, the working performance of the new mixed concrete should be controlled depending on the times and the mechanical properties, long-term performance and durability after the concrete has hardened should also be considered. 3.3 Technological Proposal (1) Maximum grain diameter of coarse aggregate has serious impact on the concrete pumping pressure.
Selecting the better coarse aggregates with maximum grain diameter of 20mm can reduce the pumping pressure more efficiently
The workability nearly loses nothing within 4 hours, meeting the ultra-high pumping requirements, shown as Fig.2.Besides, when the C100UHP-SCC concrete mixture is tested in U-instruments, the filling height reaches 34cm,shown as Fig.3. 4 Conclusion With the continuous development of ultra-high-rise buildings all over the world, Chinese Construction Fourth Engineering Bureau has contracted to construct a number of high-rise buildings above 400m.
Table 3 Statistics of the High Performance Concrete Working Performance in Ultra-High-Buildings Number Building Concrete Number Slumping degree Extended degree Slumping time 1 Burj Khalifa Tower C80 / Paving degree: 50cm / 2 Shanghai Global Financial Hub C40 220~240mm Over 500mm Over 2h 3 Sears Tower[5] C25 203mm / / 4 Shanghai Jinmao Mansion C40 230~250mm Over 550mm Over 2h 5 Hongkong International Financial Centrer C60 180~200mm / / Analyzing the above-mentioned data can conclude that general requirement of the slumping degree of the high pumping concrete should be over 200m and the extended degree should be over 500m. 3 Research and development of ultra-high-performance concrete and ultra-high-performance self-compacting concrete and its high performance pumping technology [8] 3.1 Project Introduction West Tower Project in Guangzhou is one of the six landmarks in Pearl River New Town, located in the southwest part of the core financial business area in Pearl River New Town
Pointed to the special requirements of C60~C100 super high pumping concrete in Guangzhou West Tower Project, the concrete mixture should has big fluidity and low viscosity, the working performance of the new mixed concrete should be controlled depending on the times and the mechanical properties, long-term performance and durability after the concrete has hardened should also be considered. 3.3 Technological Proposal (1) Maximum grain diameter of coarse aggregate has serious impact on the concrete pumping pressure.
Selecting the better coarse aggregates with maximum grain diameter of 20mm can reduce the pumping pressure more efficiently
The workability nearly loses nothing within 4 hours, meeting the ultra-high pumping requirements, shown as Fig.2.Besides, when the C100UHP-SCC concrete mixture is tested in U-instruments, the filling height reaches 34cm,shown as Fig.3. 4 Conclusion With the continuous development of ultra-high-rise buildings all over the world, Chinese Construction Fourth Engineering Bureau has contracted to construct a number of high-rise buildings above 400m.
Online since: June 2019
Authors: Rita Irviani, Muhamad Muslihudin, Andino Maseleno, K. Shankar, Prayugo Khoir, S.K. Lakshmanaprabhu
Data from the family card to input the number of people staying.
By grains of existing ones such as the division of economic levels in Indonesia are weak economy, medium, middle down, and middleclass that further efforts are doing useful measures to control property of owned because just to calculate it manually is not enough.
In accordance with the Law of Republic of Indonesia Number 36 Year 2008 on the Fourth Amendment of Law Number 7 of 1983 Income Tax rather contained in Article 2.
On the weight of the Five Fuzzy numbers, namely Very Low, Low, Simply, High and Very High.
Criteria 1 (C1) The Number of People Staying Table 2.
By grains of existing ones such as the division of economic levels in Indonesia are weak economy, medium, middle down, and middleclass that further efforts are doing useful measures to control property of owned because just to calculate it manually is not enough.
In accordance with the Law of Republic of Indonesia Number 36 Year 2008 on the Fourth Amendment of Law Number 7 of 1983 Income Tax rather contained in Article 2.
On the weight of the Five Fuzzy numbers, namely Very Low, Low, Simply, High and Very High.
Criteria 1 (C1) The Number of People Staying Table 2.
Online since: October 2006
Authors: Jae Do Kwon, Yong Tak Bae, Sung Jong Choi, Young Suck Chai, Dae Kyu Park
Fig. 1 presents an optical microscope image of a microstructure, which was
produced by etching the INCONEL 600 and 690 into the mixed solution of 30ml of H2O, 20ml of
HCl, and 10ml of H2O2 in which the microstructure of the INCONEL 600 and 690 contained several
twins in its grain.
Fig. 4 presents the relationship between the number of cycles that were produced in the fretting fatigue test and the friction force.
Fig. 4 Relationship between friction force and number of cycles.
Fig. 5 Relationship between local relative slip amplitude and number of cycles.
(1) The microstructure contained several twins in the grain
Fig. 4 presents the relationship between the number of cycles that were produced in the fretting fatigue test and the friction force.
Fig. 4 Relationship between friction force and number of cycles.
Fig. 5 Relationship between local relative slip amplitude and number of cycles.
(1) The microstructure contained several twins in the grain
Online since: June 2010
Authors: Marius Gutauskas, Jonas Bacevičius, Mindaugas Kazimieras Leonavičius
High-cycle fracture mechanism was established when the number of the cycles exceeded 10
8.
The grains of the spherical cast iron and the recesses with the crumbled-off graphite are visible in Fig 3h.
Matrixes of various size and the grains of the spherical cast iron break under the tensile and brittle fracture mechanisms.
The grains of the spherical cast iron and the recesses with the crumbled-off graphite are visible in Fig 3h.
Matrixes of various size and the grains of the spherical cast iron break under the tensile and brittle fracture mechanisms.
Online since: July 2014
Authors: Sun Fei, Sheng Hao Zhou, Qiu Han Qin, Li Peng
Using a large number of core, logging and seismic data, on the basis of sequence stratigraphy, reservoir geology, sedimentology, such as theory, the San Zhao peripheral zone were studied.
Ro value is between 0.5%~1.3%, and in the study area is in A rock up phase. 3.1.1 Compaction In the study area, sandstone reservoir, shallow buried depth overall, general distribution in the range 1200 m to 2400 m depth, compaction degree is weak, grain contact relationship to a point-line contact is given priority to, residual intergranular pore is development.
As compaction gradually increases, characterized by primary intergranular pore, grain contact relationship closer, rock density increases. 3.1.2 Dissolution Dissolution is mineral type and volume conversion process.
Ro value is between 0.5%~1.3%, and in the study area is in A rock up phase. 3.1.1 Compaction In the study area, sandstone reservoir, shallow buried depth overall, general distribution in the range 1200 m to 2400 m depth, compaction degree is weak, grain contact relationship to a point-line contact is given priority to, residual intergranular pore is development.
As compaction gradually increases, characterized by primary intergranular pore, grain contact relationship closer, rock density increases. 3.1.2 Dissolution Dissolution is mineral type and volume conversion process.
Online since: February 2017
Authors: V.A. Shabashov, L.G. Korshunov, V.A. Semionkin, A.E. Zamatovsky, A.V. Litvinov, V.A. Zavalishin, S.V. Borisov, S.V. Afanasiev
The total number of friction effect cycles (indenter scans) was 100 - 120.
In the course of their migration, these boundaries may give rise to the anomalous (fast) grain boundary diffusion at low-temperatures (400 - 600 C) [13].
Migration of non-equilibrium grain boundaries gives rise to the fast diffusion which eliminates with the completing of recovery.
Nitrides are formed preferentially along the grain boundaries.
Ivanov, Ivanov M.B., Kashin O.A., Naidenkin E.V., Grain boundary diffusion and properties of nanostructured materials, Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2001
In the course of their migration, these boundaries may give rise to the anomalous (fast) grain boundary diffusion at low-temperatures (400 - 600 C) [13].
Migration of non-equilibrium grain boundaries gives rise to the fast diffusion which eliminates with the completing of recovery.
Nitrides are formed preferentially along the grain boundaries.
Ivanov, Ivanov M.B., Kashin O.A., Naidenkin E.V., Grain boundary diffusion and properties of nanostructured materials, Novosibirsk: Nauka, 2001
Online since: May 2014
Authors: Fei Wang, Rui Juan Chi, Zhong Xiang Zhu, En Rong Mao
More features need to be reflect including the form of wheat sheaths and internodes, the twisted polygonal surface leaves without constraints and with constraints, wheat grain and awn.
Each of 3D wheat model has been constructed by large number of polygons.
The real-time system only settles a limited number of polygons under the given shake frequency.
Modeling Problem Because of the complexity of 3D wheat model and farmland, texture images replace the detail feature of wheat grain and awn, which can reduce the number of polygons and also gain photo realistic visual effects (Shown in Figure 4, 5, 6).
Instance would not increase the number of polygons in the model database, and copy the geometry of the model.
Each of 3D wheat model has been constructed by large number of polygons.
The real-time system only settles a limited number of polygons under the given shake frequency.
Modeling Problem Because of the complexity of 3D wheat model and farmland, texture images replace the detail feature of wheat grain and awn, which can reduce the number of polygons and also gain photo realistic visual effects (Shown in Figure 4, 5, 6).
Instance would not increase the number of polygons in the model database, and copy the geometry of the model.