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Vitrification is considered as an attractive procedure for municipal solid waste incineration ash, which can realize the volume reduction and innocent treatment of incineration ash, as well as reuse of bottom ash.
The modified quasi-chemical theory is a mathematical formalism which has the advantages of simplicity and generality and which appears to have the characteristics required for relatively reliable interpolations and extrapolations of data into unmeasured regions and for extensions which can be used fro multi-component systems.
According to the modified qusai-chemical model, the model parameters for the liquid phase in CaO-SiO2-FeOx system were assessed by employing the experimental data[4], and then the equilibrium phase relations of MgO-SiO2-FeOx and CaO-SiO2-FeOx-MgO system were calculated based on both the assessed model parameters and those from literatures[5], with the Equili and Phase diagram modules of the FACT oxide solution databases in FactSage program.
(1) The model parameters for the calculation of liquid phase in CaO-SiO2-MgO-FeOx system are assessed based on the literature data

Input data.
To reduce the effort for data collection and calculation the model focuses only on selected input data, which are necessary to assess the format-flexibility in an economic way.
The input data can be classified into general and machine specific data.
The general input data is shown in Table 1 and the machine-specific input data in Table 2, where MU stands for monetary unit, e.g. €.
Tab. 1: General input data.

To validate the exponential logarithmic models used for the objective function and constraints, three data points were withheld.
The data highlight a critical trade-off: higher coconut material replacement levels (up to 75%) cause substantial strength reductions—from 16.14 to 26.77 N/mm² at 100% replacement to as low as 0.32 to 1.54 N/mm² at 75%.
Additionally, the ANOVA results in Table 6 show an F-ratio of 421.855, confirming the overall suitability of the model with the data.
Ultimately, leveraging this data-driven model promotes resource efficiency and environmental stewardship across the construction sector.
The outstanding performance of the exponential logarithmic models indicates their high effectiveness in handling data nonlinearities.

In addition, if there is data acquisition card, it also could be programmed for its output channel to obtain Chirp signal.
When sweep frequency range is excessive wide, then signal energy scatter and test precision reduction.
If sample rate is invariable, then sample data will be excessive when scanning low frequency, which is not the desire of.
To avoid interference impacting on data analysis, some processing is needed.
In experimental data processing, median filter is applied many and it usually apply in removing burrs on the data curve, defined as follows.

Fig.1 1oo1D system structure of safety temperature transmitter Data acquisition channel provides functions of temperature data collection, calculation and communication.
The transmitter begins to collect data when there is no error.
A/D module and D/A module should be diagnosed to ensure there are no faults in data acquisition channel and data output channel before A/D module collects data.
Accuracy loss is inevitable in the process of data conversion.
Self-diagnostic measures are used in analog data acquisition module, data processing module and analog signal output module to obtain a certain amount of risk reduction.

Risk Assessment of Field-Scale Flood Disaster Based On Combined Remote Sensing and Hydrological Dynamics Model Jing Zhang1, a and Guobin Ma2,b 1 3D Information Acquisition and Application Key Laboratory of Education Ministry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China 100048 2Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, MOCA/MOE, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China 1000875 amaggie2008zj@yahoo.com, b mgbcn@sina.com Keywords: RS, Risk Assessment, Flood, Hydrological Model Abstract.
The example result reveals that combined remote sensing and hydrological dynamics field-scale risk assessment model conforms basically to the actual disaster data.
Index of field-scale flood disaster risk assessment Factor Level Vice-factor Level Index Hazard Runoff Combined water level of flooding area by RS and SCS model Vulnerability Population factor Population density distribution Age structure Economics factor GDP per capita density distribution Industrial output Agricultural output Monitoring water level: direct use of remote sensing monitoring results of the water level data as risk assessment factors.
Also, it is envisaged to use the improved SCS flood inundation model with RS based monitoring data to assess the field-scale flood hazard.

F/W= 660 ml/h.gcat Fig. 2 Influence of calcination temperatures on synthesis gas ratio Fig. 3 XRD patterns of catalyst calcined at various temperatures for 2 h with heating/cooling rates of 10 °C/min. 3.2 Effect of Activation The objectives of activation or pre-reduction of all catalysts at different temperatures are to reduce nickel oxide to metallic Ni.
The TGA confirms the reduction of carbon deposition due to the addition 0.2 wt of Ca promoter.
18.5 0.73 600 39.7 34.8 1.16 700 72.5 73.4 0.96 800 90.4 85.0 1.1 0.1 500 11.8 14.1 0.66 600 27.1 25.4 1.1 700 71.6 74.2 0.89 800 86.6 87.4 1.0 0.2 500 13.5 16.1 0.74 600 35.7 32.7 1.1 700 71.1 75.6 0.9 800 85.1 88.2 0.91 0.3 500 12.5 15.2 0.67 600 29.1 28.4 0.99 700 69.8 77.4 0.95 800 83.8 87.6 0.97 Table 2: The Activity of different amounts Ca- promoted 1 wt % Ni /α-Al2O3) at 800°C % Ca added (Tr ◦C) Time on stream (min) Initial Conversion (Xin) a % Final Conversion (Xfin) b % H2/CO c Coke d wt % CDCH4 (e) % CDCO2 (f) % CH4 CO2 CH4 CO2 0.0 (600) 1200 48.5 42.7 20.1 20.5 1.27 48.6 -58.5 -52 0.2 (600) 1200 41.0 43.7 23.7 27.5 0.90 34.8 -42.0 -37.0 0.0(800) 1200 90.3 92.8 80.1 67.5 1. 18 28.7 -25.3 -13.7 0.2(800) 1200 85.8 88.4 81.5 82.1 1.04 13.7 -5.01 -7.1 Reaction condition: CH4 =15 ml/min, CO2 =15 ml/min and N2 =3 ml/ min wt cat = 0.75 g , 1 wt% Ni loading, a = 30 min on stream, b = final on stream, c = average data
· The optimum activation of the catalyst occurs under reaction condition by reduction of NiO with hydrogen at temperature 700°C
Fujimoto, Reduction of Carbon Dioxide by Methane with Ni-on-MgO-CaO Containing Catalysts, Chem.

Effect of wax remover on viscosity reduction Add 150mg/L emulsion dewaxing agent and oil based wax dewaxing agent to 1#~5# crude oil.
Table 2 Static and dynamic wax removal rate of emulsion dewaxing agent Evaluation parameters 1# 2# 3# 4# 5# Static wax removal rate, mg/min 3.37 2.12 5.62 1.44 6.10 Dynamic wax removal rate, mg/min 21.37 242.51 11.10 24.46 158.94 Viscosity reduction effect of wax remover Table 3 shows the time of passing through 25ml pipette before and after Changqing crude oil was added with emulsion dewaxing agent and oil base dewaxing agent.
It can be seen from Table 3 that the viscosity reduction effect of emulsion dewaxing agent on 1#,2#crude oil is better.
The viscosity reduction effect of oil-based dewaxing agent on 2#,4# crude oil is more prominent.
Raines, Paraffin Deposition from Crude Oils: Comparison of Laboratory Results with Field Data.

Introduction High Strength pipeline steels make great contributions to energy conservation and cost reduction as well as to increased transportation efficiency, as they allow transportation of crude oil and natural gas under high pressure.
In these conditions i.e., in deoxygenated, near-neutral pH solution, hydrogen atoms are generated on the steel surface by the electrochemical reduction of water molecules: (1) The adsorbed hydrogen atoms can subsequently combined to H2 molecules by the chemical reaction: (2) or the electrochemical reaction: (3) or can be absorbed by the steel: (4) The absorbed hydrogen atom concentration under the cathodic polarisation depends on the hydrogen atom recombination mechanisms.
However, reduction of elongation at fracture is more pronounced and is of about 31,9%.
Data reported in Table 4 are used later for Finite Elements computing respectively to analyse tests with and without hydrogen absorption in specimens.
However, reduction of elongation at fracture is more pronounced and is of about 31,9%.

This assumption leads to substantial0e+00 2e+05 4e+05 6e+05 8e+05 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 DOFs [-] Tiling dimension [number of tiles] standard FEA macro-element FEA (a) (b) Fig. 2: (a) Mesh of 2×2 tiling with condensed internal DOFs shown in grey and (b) number of DOFs in square tiling (x axis states number of tiles in one direction) reduction in computational cost since an analytical expression for the element conductivity matrix can be derived as a function of material properties and voxel size.
No load RΩ is assumed to be prescribed for the internal degrees of freedom rΩ, therefore the system of equations can be recast as � K11 K12 K21 K22� � rΩ rΓ� = � 0 RΓ� , (3) where rΓ denotes the boundary degrees of freedom and Kij are corresponding parts of tile (macroelement) conductivity matrix, which yields from static condensation of (3) as ˆK = (K22 − K21K−1 11 K12) . (4) Final system of equations then reads as ˆKrΓ = RΓ . (5) Hence, at the tiling level number of unknowns is reduced to the number of tile boundary nodes resulting in a significant reduction of degrees of freedom (DOFs) at global, say RVE, level, see Fig. 2.
However, there is a trade-off between reduction in computational time and memory.
Despite a significant reduction in number of DOFs in the macro-element approach the tile conductivity matrices are fully populated so the global matrix is less sparse, see Fig. 4a, resulting in more data to be stored, Fig. 4b.