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Online since: August 2013
Authors: Ying Jie Gao, Su Ying Xu
The number of roller press is more common than wheel cutting machine.
Tire tore cut machine - coarse cutting machine 1, coarse grain cutting machine 2, fine cutting machine 1, fine cutting machine 2, cyclone separator, powder screening machine, rubber bag packaging machine.
Resulting in uncertainty first coarse grain processing mechanical force.
Tore cut between machine and coarse grain processing machine function matching is generally the same.
Reduce the crumb rubber wire can improve the service life of the cutter, reduce the number of changing knife.
Tire tore cut machine - coarse cutting machine 1, coarse grain cutting machine 2, fine cutting machine 1, fine cutting machine 2, cyclone separator, powder screening machine, rubber bag packaging machine.
Resulting in uncertainty first coarse grain processing mechanical force.
Tore cut between machine and coarse grain processing machine function matching is generally the same.
Reduce the crumb rubber wire can improve the service life of the cutter, reduce the number of changing knife.
Online since: February 2012
Authors: Bin Shi Xu, Xiao He Wang, Zhen Feng Hu, Shi Yun Dong
During co-deposition, the higher nucleation, due to nano-particles incorporation, perturbs the growth of matrix and results in a smaller grain size.
Fig2 Morphology of coatings (a)Ni-Co alloy coating (b)nano-Al2O3/Ni-Co composite coating Fig3 Energy spectrum analysis diagram of coatings (a)Ni-Co alloy coating (b)nano-Al2O3/Ni-Co composite coating Microstructure analysis of coatings Figure 4 is TEM micro structure image of nano composite coating, it can be observed that nano-Al2O3 should serve as obstacles to dislocation movement, thus increase the micro-hardness over Ni-Co alloy coating, while reduce the number of crack initiation and inhibit the spread of crack in the coating.
It can be analyzed that the nano particles hinder the growth of grain and dislocation movement, thus increase the hardness.
The above analysis of the morphology shows that, nano-Al2O3 should serve as obstacles to dislocation movement, thus increasing the hardness over Ni-Co alloy coating, while reduce the number of crack initiation and inhibit the spread of crack in the coating, leading to the improvement of coating wear resistance.
Conclusions Nano-Al2O3/Ni-Co composite coatings have smooth surface morphology, compact structure and fining grain using electro-brush plating technology.
Fig2 Morphology of coatings (a)Ni-Co alloy coating (b)nano-Al2O3/Ni-Co composite coating Fig3 Energy spectrum analysis diagram of coatings (a)Ni-Co alloy coating (b)nano-Al2O3/Ni-Co composite coating Microstructure analysis of coatings Figure 4 is TEM micro structure image of nano composite coating, it can be observed that nano-Al2O3 should serve as obstacles to dislocation movement, thus increase the micro-hardness over Ni-Co alloy coating, while reduce the number of crack initiation and inhibit the spread of crack in the coating.
It can be analyzed that the nano particles hinder the growth of grain and dislocation movement, thus increase the hardness.
The above analysis of the morphology shows that, nano-Al2O3 should serve as obstacles to dislocation movement, thus increasing the hardness over Ni-Co alloy coating, while reduce the number of crack initiation and inhibit the spread of crack in the coating, leading to the improvement of coating wear resistance.
Conclusions Nano-Al2O3/Ni-Co composite coatings have smooth surface morphology, compact structure and fining grain using electro-brush plating technology.
Online since: February 2019
Authors: I.V. Gervasyeva, Yulia V. Khlebnikova, V.A. Milyutin, D.I. Davidov
In comparison with magnetics on the basis of rare earths which possess huge magnetostriction this alloy has a number of advantages, namely low fields of saturation (about 200 Oe in Fe-Ga in comparison with 1000 Oe in Tb-Dy-Fe) [4], the low cost, a weak dependence of properties from temperature and higher mechanical characteristics [5].
In work [14] it is emphasized that the Fe-Ga binary alloys were cracked and fractured along grain boundaries even at hot deformation.
Sample number Alloy Hμ0.98, [MPa] 1 2 Fe-19 at.
One can see on the orientation map a typical picture for such ingots with rather coarse grains about 400 μm, equaxial in the centre and elongated towards the periphery.
Flatau, Single grain growth and large magnetostriction in secondarily recrystallized Fe–Ga thin sheet with sharp Goss (011)[100] orientation, Scripta Materialia. 66 (2012) 307–310
In work [14] it is emphasized that the Fe-Ga binary alloys were cracked and fractured along grain boundaries even at hot deformation.
Sample number Alloy Hμ0.98, [MPa] 1 2 Fe-19 at.
One can see on the orientation map a typical picture for such ingots with rather coarse grains about 400 μm, equaxial in the centre and elongated towards the periphery.
Flatau, Single grain growth and large magnetostriction in secondarily recrystallized Fe–Ga thin sheet with sharp Goss (011)[100] orientation, Scripta Materialia. 66 (2012) 307–310
Online since: September 2014
Authors: Akinori Yui, Takayuki Kitajima, Jumpei Kusuyama, Yosuke Itoh
Poly Crystalline diamond (PCD) tools, however, have excellent wear resistance and anti-cleavage resistance because their micro crystal grains are oriented randomly and are interconnected [4].
Table 1 Specifications of PCD tool Number of cutting edges 4 Tool diameter φ12.45 [mm] PCD grain size 5 [μm] Rake angle 0° Clearance angle 11° Shank diameter φ10 [mm] PCD Tool, Work Material and Experimental Equipment PCD Tool.
The diameter of the tool was 12.45mm. the mean grain size of the PCD was 5μm.
In case of multi-directional CFRP, the exertion of strength is defined such that the number of the fiber orientation is n, the fiber direction is θn, and the strength for θ = 0° for stressed carbon fiber (θn) is Sθn.
Table 1 Specifications of PCD tool Number of cutting edges 4 Tool diameter φ12.45 [mm] PCD grain size 5 [μm] Rake angle 0° Clearance angle 11° Shank diameter φ10 [mm] PCD Tool, Work Material and Experimental Equipment PCD Tool.
The diameter of the tool was 12.45mm. the mean grain size of the PCD was 5μm.
In case of multi-directional CFRP, the exertion of strength is defined such that the number of the fiber orientation is n, the fiber direction is θn, and the strength for θ = 0° for stressed carbon fiber (θn) is Sθn.
Online since: September 2017
Authors: Marcelo A.S. Torres, Milton Sergio Fernandes Lima, H.V. Ribeiro, C.A.R.P. Baptista, D.H.S. Costa
HSLA steels have low or medium carbon content and small additions of alloy elements such as Mn, Nb, Mo, V and Ti, which are added mainly to control the austenitic grain size, to retard the austenite recrystallization and to promote precipitation hardening [1].
The varied parameters were the welding speed and the number of passes, resulting in two welding conditions, referred as high (H) and low (L) heat input.
In Fig. 1(a) it is shown that the steel plate, submitted to controlled rolling, presents basically equiaxial refined ferrite grains and elongated pearlite colonies.
The latter resulted in a coarse microstructure, composed mainly by primary ferrite, grain boundary ferrite, acicular ferrite and Widmanstätten ferrite, as shown in Fig. 1(b).
The average hardne ss numbers of LBW-H and FW joints were, respectively, 249 HV and 200 HV.
The varied parameters were the welding speed and the number of passes, resulting in two welding conditions, referred as high (H) and low (L) heat input.
In Fig. 1(a) it is shown that the steel plate, submitted to controlled rolling, presents basically equiaxial refined ferrite grains and elongated pearlite colonies.
The latter resulted in a coarse microstructure, composed mainly by primary ferrite, grain boundary ferrite, acicular ferrite and Widmanstätten ferrite, as shown in Fig. 1(b).
The average hardne ss numbers of LBW-H and FW joints were, respectively, 249 HV and 200 HV.
Online since: October 2015
Authors: Hui Fan, Shan Kui Wang, Yang Pei Zhao
High current density can increase cathodic overpotential and contribute to nucleation and grain growth, so it greatly improves the organizational structure of deposit; (3) Good locality.
Then, when the voltage surpasses 110V, deposit layer surface deteriorates with a number of distinct cellular particles.
Consequently, in the unit time, the number of copper ions to participate electrodeposition will increase to some extent and lead to increase of electroforming current density.
It can be seen that deposit has compact structure and refined grains.
The grain size turns out as around 40nm according to Scherrer Equation.
Then, when the voltage surpasses 110V, deposit layer surface deteriorates with a number of distinct cellular particles.
Consequently, in the unit time, the number of copper ions to participate electrodeposition will increase to some extent and lead to increase of electroforming current density.
It can be seen that deposit has compact structure and refined grains.
The grain size turns out as around 40nm according to Scherrer Equation.
Online since: July 2012
Authors: Mei Zhang, Chen Chen, Hui Zhang, Xiao Long Xu, Rong Wu, Fan Li
There are a number of present processes for the syntheses of nanocrystalline ZnO and SnO2 powders, such as, sol-gel, spray pyrolysis, hydrothermal and so on [9-14].
This crystallite size is much larger than that of typical grains, which may result from the abnormal grain growth in irregular ZnO particles Preparation of SnO2 Particles.
TG/DTA, SEM, and XRD analyses show that few ZnO spheres but a number of irregular-shaped ZnO particles were attained after calcined at 700 °C.
Li, Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous c-ZrO2 microspheres consisting of peanut-like nano-grains, J.
This crystallite size is much larger than that of typical grains, which may result from the abnormal grain growth in irregular ZnO particles Preparation of SnO2 Particles.
TG/DTA, SEM, and XRD analyses show that few ZnO spheres but a number of irregular-shaped ZnO particles were attained after calcined at 700 °C.
Li, Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous c-ZrO2 microspheres consisting of peanut-like nano-grains, J.
Online since: November 2013
Authors: Ji Xiong, Hai Bo Zhao, Lin Lin Wang, Hao Du, Guang Xian
However, the surface morphology of Cr/TiAlSiN coating refers to dense columnar grains and large amount of droplets, which reveals high deposition rate.
So the high level of hardness is due to the formation of columnar grains.
Typical columnar grains morphology is observed through the cross-section of the Cr/TiAlSiN coating
Acknowledge The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of this research by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China with the project number 2012ZX04003011 and Natural Science Foundation of China with project number 51275323.
So the high level of hardness is due to the formation of columnar grains.
Typical columnar grains morphology is observed through the cross-section of the Cr/TiAlSiN coating
Acknowledge The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of this research by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China with the project number 2012ZX04003011 and Natural Science Foundation of China with project number 51275323.
Online since: April 2015
Authors: Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah, Costică Bejinariu, Alin Cazac, Andrei Victor Sandhu, Petru Lazar
The deformation stress to multiaxial forging depends on a number of parameters of which the most important are: degree of deformation, the flow curve of copper, speed deformation, the friction between the tools and the material, shape and dimensions of the working tool, the size of the deformed profile, the shape and size of material, temperature variation during the process, physical and mechanical properties of the workpiece material, workpiece material structural inhomogeneity [8 - 11].
In case of the severe plastic deformation of copper Cu_99.75 by mutiaxial forging method, after 12 passes it was observed that with increasing the number of passes, the required stress and pressure for the closed mold cyclic compression decreases slightly.
[5] Popa I, Multifunctional Advanced Superfine/nano - Grained Materials Obtained by Severe Plastic Deformation, Brasov (2013)
[5] Osmer J, Brinksmeier E, Rosochowski A, Olejnik L, Richert M, Diamond Turning of Ultrafine Grained Aluminium Alloys.
[7] Dobatkin SV, Bastarache EN, Sakai G, Fujita T, Horita Z, Langdon TG, Grain Refinement and Superplastic Flow in an Aluminum Alloy Processed by High-pressure Torsion.
In case of the severe plastic deformation of copper Cu_99.75 by mutiaxial forging method, after 12 passes it was observed that with increasing the number of passes, the required stress and pressure for the closed mold cyclic compression decreases slightly.
[5] Popa I, Multifunctional Advanced Superfine/nano - Grained Materials Obtained by Severe Plastic Deformation, Brasov (2013)
[5] Osmer J, Brinksmeier E, Rosochowski A, Olejnik L, Richert M, Diamond Turning of Ultrafine Grained Aluminium Alloys.
[7] Dobatkin SV, Bastarache EN, Sakai G, Fujita T, Horita Z, Langdon TG, Grain Refinement and Superplastic Flow in an Aluminum Alloy Processed by High-pressure Torsion.
Online since: May 2012
Authors: G.H. Tariq, Muhammad Anis-ur-Rehman
The grain size, strain, and dislocation density were calculated for as-deposited and annealed films.
The grain/crystallite size ‘D’ of in these films was calculated from XRD patterns using Debye-Scherer’s formula [14], D=kλβcosθ (1) where ‘λ’ is the wavelength of radiation used, ‘β’ the full width half maximum, ‘θ’ the diffraction angle and ‘k=0.9’ a constant.
Structural parameters of CdS films Sample FWHM (2𝜃) Grain Size D (Å) ε 10-3(lin-2m-4) δ 1015(linm2) ACS0 0.1968 830 0.4176 0.145 ACS1 0.3542 461 0.752 0.470 ACS2 0.3542 461 0.751 0.470 ACS3 0.3542 461 0.751 0.470 ACS4 0.3542 461 0.751 0.470 ACS5 0.3936 415 0.835 0.580 on the nature of transition and ‘n’ is a number which can take the values 1/2, 3/2, 2 or more depending on whether the transition is direct-allowed, direct-forbidden, indirect-allowed or indirect-forbidden.
The grain/crystallite size ‘D’ of in these films was calculated from XRD patterns using Debye-Scherer’s formula [14], D=kλβcosθ (1) where ‘λ’ is the wavelength of radiation used, ‘β’ the full width half maximum, ‘θ’ the diffraction angle and ‘k=0.9’ a constant.
Structural parameters of CdS films Sample FWHM (2𝜃) Grain Size D (Å) ε 10-3(lin-2m-4) δ 1015(linm2) ACS0 0.1968 830 0.4176 0.145 ACS1 0.3542 461 0.752 0.470 ACS2 0.3542 461 0.751 0.470 ACS3 0.3542 461 0.751 0.470 ACS4 0.3542 461 0.751 0.470 ACS5 0.3936 415 0.835 0.580 on the nature of transition and ‘n’ is a number which can take the values 1/2, 3/2, 2 or more depending on whether the transition is direct-allowed, direct-forbidden, indirect-allowed or indirect-forbidden.