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(j) Topology optimization for weight reduction.
The quality characteristics used in this study is ‘lower is the better’ which is calculated by the following equation [9]: SN= -10log101n (y2); Where ‘n’ is the no. of observations and y is the observed data
The mass reduction of Al2618, Al4032 and Al6061 alloys pistons are approximately 18%, 17% and 19% respectively as it removes the material in low stress zones or undesirable materials and makes the structure lighter without effecting its performance under similar conditions.
The mass reduction of Al2618 lies in between the other two materials, Al4032 and Al6061.
Shariff, Hand book of properties of engineering materials and design data for machine elements, Dhanpat Rai & Co., Nai Sarak, Delhi, First edition 2014

All wire samples were rolled down with a pulling tension corresponding to 10% of the material’s yield stress at a speed of 10 mm/s to a total logarithmic thickness reduction of e = 1.2, annealed at 400°C for 1 h and finally room-temperature water-quenched.
For constrained recovery testing, p = 0.05 was judged sufficient to state on the statistical significance of the data obtained.
Generally speaking, the large scattering of data related to the number of cycles till failure does not allow the identification of a single best processing route.
Finally, statistical analysis of the number of cycles to failure indicates that Route 2, e=1(CR) + 0.2(WR), is not significantly different from Route 1 (CR only), which implies that the main material damage occurs during the thickness reduction down to e=1, and that a small fraction of WR makes no difference in this case.
Samples with a total true thickness reduction of e=1.2 and 400ºC (1h) PDA were characterized using two complementary techniques: a) stress-free recovery and b) constrained recovery.

., hexane) [10].this have been specifically summarize regard to development of cobalt–copper nanoparticles as catalysts for higher alcohol synthesis from syngas[11] and oxidation of methane[12].Preparation of granular Cu-Co films produced by electrodeposition has been reported [13],direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) process was used to prepare the WC-Co/Cu nanocomposites in bulk form has been developed [14], Wen et al [15] Using oleic acid as stabilizer, the monodisperse Co–Ni–Cu amorphous alloys nanoparticles were synthesized by the reduction of CuSO4·5H2O, NiCl2·6H2O and CoCl2·6H2O with KBH4 in positive microemulsion (hexane/sodium oleate/water) system.
However, to the best of our knowledge, the reported for preparation of Co–Cu superfine composites oxides by using the w/o microemulsion is absence at the same time[14], the existing data on the changes in the magnetic characteristics of the Co–Cu composite oxides nanoparticles during oxidation and heating is still very limited.
Therefore, we have studied the preparation of a Co–Cu superfine composites oxides in w/o microemulsions of water/Span-80/n-butanol/n-heptane by using reduction either of Cu2+ and Co2+ ions using the KBH4.The XRD, TEM, ED, and TG/DSC were characterized the crystalline structure, susceptibility properties of the synthesized Co-Cu composites oxides as well as size and annealing treatment of the resultant superfine particles.
The reduction reactions could be expressed as 2BH4 -+ Cu2+ +6HOH→7H2↑+ 2H3BO3+Cu (1) And 2BH4-+ Co2++6HOH→7H2↑+ 2H3BO3 + Co (2) The black powder product was collected in a filter paper and washed with absolute ethanol and deionized water to remove the impurities.
The calorimetric data reveal a sloping in the temperature range of 30-100, and an apparent 4.39% weight loss in the TG curve, which began at about 30 °C, and it was associated with the loss of absorption water .

The rolling force F can be calculated with a simple formula, where the variables A (pressed area), kfm(average yield stress), b (rolling stock width) and l (pressed length) are used [15, 16] with F=Akfm=blkfm (1) While the force increases linearly with the width, the pressed length is a function of roller radius (r) and the reduction in thickness (∆h) of the rolling stock as l≈ r∆h-∆h24 (2) The average yield stress for the rolling composite results from the mixing rule and the yield stress of the individual materials according to their thickness fraction (β) with kfm=β kfm1+1-βkfm2 kw (3) In addition, the friction and shift (kw) of the sheet have an influence on the resulting yield stress.
Results A first successful connection between two similar steel sheets was achieved with a rolling reduction of 55 % in the first pass of steel grade IF180.
Figure 3: Light microscopic image of 340LA-22MnB5-340LA composite annealed (simulating galvanizing process, 80 °C max.) on cross section The experimental data can be used to extrapolate the rolling force for a large scale production.
In order to obtain sufficient adhesion, a total thickness reduction of more than 70 % is necessary.
According to the fluctuation range of the test data, the predicted necessary rolling force is between 42.3 MN and 58.3 MN.

Then the piezoelectric crystal sensor, blanking die, data acquisition instrument about force and stroke are installed onto hydraulic press machine and bench, and adjusted correctly; put the sheet on the top of the concave die, punch and run the data acquisition device [2].
After the test, collect and analyze the punching datas.
After blanking force over the maximum value, when the effect of a shear stress reduction area is more than the effect of material work hardening, blanking force starts decreasing.
Second, the reduction velocity of blanking force simulated is faster than the actual one.

Fig.2 2D GIS geographic scene function Spatial Data Organization.
The process data fall into two categories, the previous earthquake data and the latest seismic data.
Mxd file contains no map data, and the spatial data are saved in the geospatial database (GeoDatabase) or the files in the form of a shapefile [4].
This design realizes the separation of configuration and data [5].
[5]Chen Xin: Realization of Data Auto-Conversion from MapGIS to ArcGIS.

We use the MATLAB software to analyze the data, and use VB software to display the data analysis process.
After importing the data, we can use the Calculate button to analyze data.
The uncertainty of data management technology [J] Journal of computer, 2012, 32(1):56-60
Effective clustering algorithm based on probabilistic data stream [J].
Reduction clustering algorithm based on approximate backbone guided [J].

Simulation results provide good agreement with test data and provide important insights into interplay between damage and fracture mechanisms associated with compressive ice failure.
Spalls are characterized by a large asymmetric reduction in area and an associated drop in load, as depicted in Fig. 2.
Plot (g) shows time trace for contact pressure from test data and FE simulation including points (a-f); (h) shows spall geometry.
Concluding Remarks Simulation results provide good agreement with test data and provide important insights into interplay between damage and fracture.

Eventually, by comparison of FEA results with experimental data, the validity of this new technique for the prediction of nanoindentation behavior of Silicon was concluded.
Comparing the FE results with experimental data [6-8] the validity of the new approach is investigated and discussed.
Generally speaking, a good agreement is obtained with experimental data which verifies the great potential of HMDFE method.
Consequently, the distance between flattened planes increases, which undoubtedly leads in reduction of stress required for deformation and as a result, the material properties decline.

The data collection process was carried out using APEX 4 software with MoKα source λ = 0.71073 Å.
The data obtained was processed using ShelX which is integrated with APEX 4 software.
Crystallographic data of complex compounds [Ni(4-AP)4(NCS)2].
Bond length data around the central atom of [Ni(4-AP)4(NCS)2].
Bond angle data around the central atom of [Ni(4-AP)4(NCS)2].