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They are widely applied in many natural sciences such as chemistry, biology, mathematics, communication, and particularly in almost all branches of physics like fluid dynamics, plasma physics, field theory, optics, and condensed matter physics, etc.
Fig. 1 A plot of a four-dromions structure for the physical quantity V.
In order to show that the chaotic behavior is due to the peak value of solutions, we enlarge small region in the Fig. 4a, and the result is shown in Fig. 4b, which presents a kind of domino with chaotic structure clearly.
B 21(7):207-212(1-7) [6] Huang WH, Zhang JF, Sheng ZM (2002) Coherent solution structures of the (2+1)-dimensional long-wave short-wave resonance interaction equation.
B 11(6):533-536 [8] Ma ZY, Zheng CL (2006) Two classes of fractal structures for the (2+1)-dimensional dispersive long wave system.

Biomimetic Synthesis of Prismatic Calcite Mesocrystals in the Presence of Nonionic Copolymer Yiping Wua, Xiaohong Wangb , and Qun Zhangc School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anqing Normal University, Anqing 246011, China aemail: wuyp@aqtc.edu.cn, bemail: wangxiaohong@aqtc.edu.cn, cemail: zhangqun@aqtc.edu.cn Keywords: calcite, F127, biomimetic synthesis Abstract.
Even a structure similarly macromoles of F68 had been reported as the additive to undergo the biomimetic process [6], however, the morphologies and structures reported herein is obviously different.
The XRD spectrum signature was consistent with the calcite polymorph of calcium carbonate with a hexagonal structure (JCPDS 33-0268).
However, Fig. 2b reveals that the vast majority of the crystals showing elongated prismatic structures in the presence of 2.5 mM F127 with 3 hours.
In addition, the FT-IR spectrum also shows the bands corresponding to organic functional groups in F127 molecule, such as C-H methylene (2925, 2852 cm-1), C-H methyl (2979 cm-1) absorptions, which indicating that F127 molecules are strongly associated with the mineralized structures.

Another common approach is that nonmetallic elements, such as B, S, N, and F, dope nano-TiO2, which has been proven to change the electronic structure, and extend the absorption range of visible-light by forming midgap states.
Some researchers have conducted a number of studies about Boron and Nitrogen co-doped nano-TiO2 photocatalyst properties and its structure change mechanism[5,6].
For instance, Xing et al[5]. and Liu et al[6].utilize a two-step hydrothermal process for synthesizing B and N codoped TiO2, and the results show that the formation of Ti-B-N-Ti, Ti-N-B-Ti, and Ti-N-B-O structures on the surface leads to a higher photocatalytic activity under UV and visible light irradiation compared to pure TiO2.
Compared to pure TiO2, B/N codoped TiO2 lead to the formation of Ti-B-N-Ti, Ti-N-B-Ti, and Ti-N-B-O structures which could significantly decrease the band gap and the effective absorption range is extended, and CdS/TiO2 composite also reduce the band gap and accelerate the charge separation.
Gong, Formation of New Structures and Their Synergistic Effects in Boron and Nitrogen Codoped TiO2 for Enhancement of Photocatalytic Performance, J.

This phenomenon may damage the nanopore structure, resulting in significant density increase and volume shrinkage during using process.
That is to say, sintering has damaged the nanopore structure to lead to volume shrinkage acutely.
However, many nanosize particles sinter together to form a larger particle and nanoporous structure is destroyed in sample 1, and the morphology appears that the aggregates size increases significantly.
Sample 1 Sample 2 Figure 3 SEM images of sample 1 and sample 2 after calcining at 1000℃ γ-Al2O3 is ionic crystal with firm and compact crystal lattice, higher lattice energy and stable structure state.
[5] A.Venkateswara Rao, Manish M.Kulkarni: Material Chemistry and Physics 77 (2002) 819-825

Introduction Microfluidic devices have attracted considerable interests in recent years from various industries such as biomedical, electronics, biology, life science and chemistry [1].
There are many issues in tool-based machining that can affect the micro structure shape and dimensional accuracy of machined work pieces, such as burr formation, cutting tool geometry, chip formation, tool-path strategy, material properties, etc [2-4].
Fig. 6 shows two SEM pictures of the machined micro thin wall structure, (a) thin wall overview and (b) SEM measurement.
Fig. 8: Micro machined thin wall thickness measurement The 3D profile of the micro machined thin wall structure is showed in Fig. 9.
From this figure it can be seen that the overall profile of the micro machined thin wall structure is acceptable for injection molding of micro channels.

To fabricate the DSSCs a double-layer structure electrode is used.
This double-layer structure can retard the electron recombination occurring in the double layer region [8].
The binding energy level and chemical structure of Mn-doped TiO2 is measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, an ESCALab220i-XL electron spectrometer from VG Scientific using 300W Al Kα radiation).
The structures and morphologies of TiO2 and Mn-doped TiO2 nanorods are studied by 40kV on a Rigaku D/max 2500 using Cu K irradiation and a field-emission scanning electron microscope (SEM, S-4800, Hitchi, 15kV).
The result indicates that Mn-doping TiO2 sintering at 450℃ has polycrystalline structures consisting of anatase TiO2 (JCPDS, No. 21-1272) phase characterized with primary (101), (200), and (211) peaks, suggesting that Mn is incorporated homogeneously into the TiO2 matrix..

Acknowledgements This work was supported by Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China support project under Grant No.2009ZX04014-063-03 and Tianjin Key Subject for Materials Physics and Chemistry.
References [1] Jiahui Qu, Luming Yao, Mingkai Yue, Tao Huang, The influence of extrusion ratio on structure of AZ31 magnesium alloy, Journal of Light Alloy Fabrication Technology,Vol.3(2009)
[2] Yanhui Li, Baocheng Li, Congjuan Yin, The influence of extrusion ratio and extrusion temperature on structure and performance of AZ31 magnesium alloy, Journal of Metal World,Vol.3(2008)
[3] Lijun Zhang, Baohong Zhang, Zhimin Zhang, Jing Wang, The influence of extrusion ratio on structure and performance of AZ80 magnesium alloy, Journal of Thermal Processing Technology,Vol.8(2010)
[4] Xiaogang Li, Xunwen Tong, Nong Li, Xiuli Shang, Hongchao Feng, The influence of extrusion process on structure and performance of TA15 profile, Journal of Titanium Industry Progress,Vol.3(2010)

Marechal Rondon s/n, São Cristóvão,49000-100, Brazil 2Full address of 2Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Sergipe, Av.
The D band, Raman mode in the range of 1200-1400 cm-1, is related to disorder in sp2 graphite structure and the G band, Raman mode in the range of 1500-1600 cm-1 indicates graphitic crystallites presence [5].
Carbon nanostructures spectra were compared with coconut coir in natura spectrum and there were no bands assigned to carbon structures presence, figure 1 (c).
In a previous work Macedo et al [7] prepared carbon structures from this precursor and was observed that the coconut coir dust tends to preserve its original morphology, even when treated at high temperatures, which sets as a rigid biotemplate.
Fig. 5: TEM of CN It is expected that TEM measures of carbon nanostructures obtained via clay template synthesis, which are in progress, will be useful for a better evaluation of the clays influence on the carbon structure.

This technique can introduce various desired elements into MAO coatings and produce various functional coatings with a porous structure.
The surface morphology was examined by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM, Phillips SEM 515) in Research and Education Center “Physics and Chemistry of High-Energy Systems” of Tomsk State University.
It can be seen that the main components of structure are "spherolytes" which have pores.
The porous structure is already formed at 150 V.
Eroshenko, et al., The structure and physical and mechanical properties of a novel biocomposite material, nanostructured titanium–calcium-phosphate coating, Composite Interfaces, 16 (2009) 535-546

Therefore, bTCP foam with fully interconnected porous structure allowing cell penetration and tissue ingrowth could be especially effective bone replacement [1-5].
The surface structures were observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
In other words, we could fabricate bTCP foam with fully-interconnected porous structure similar to aTCP foam.
The compressive strength of the βTCP foam after heating at 1000°C for 300 hours was 57.9±17.6 kPa and the porosity was 93.4±0.5%. βTCP foam with fully interconnected porous structure and large porosity has a good potential to be an ideal bone replacement since the invasion of bone cells into the pores provides optimum bone growth or repair.
Elliot, Structure and chemistry of the apatites and other calcium orthophosphates, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1994