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Anwar3,4,e 1Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3Wood Finishing Laboratory, Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia 4Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia amridhwanishak@yahoo.com, bzleman@eng.upm.edu.my, csapuan@eng.upm.edu.my, dmzaki@fsas.upm.edu.my, emkanwar@frim.gov.my Keywords: Sugar palm fibre, vacuum resin impregnation, impregnation pressure, Arenga pinnata Abstract.
Introduction One of the drawback of natural fibre is their hydrophilic nature due to the presence of hydroxyl (OH) groups throughout its structure especially for cellulose and hemicellulose portions [1].
It was due to its natural structure of open hollow called lumen and hydrophilic nature of natural fibre.
Key Engineering Materials. 2011 [3] Ibach, R.R., Ellis, W.D. (2005) In Handbook of Wood Chemistry and Wood Composites.

We had explored iron porphyrins with different substituents for catalyzing peroxynitrite decay by kinetic experiments and quantum chemistry calculations.
Fig. 1 Structure of T(p-COOH)PPFe(Ⅲ)Cl.
These variable findings suggested that the presence of bicarbonate radical might modulate the oxidative chemistry of peroxynitrite with 1.
This phenomenon might be contributed by the formation of oxoFe(Ⅳ) which made the electronic density of porphyrin ring increase and the structure symmetry improve, causing the π-π* electron excitation of the porphyrin ring to require smaller energy (the Soret band red shift) and the number of Q-bands to decrease (two absorption bands changed to one) [16-19].

The formation of titanium suboxide Ti9O17 phase and Ti2O3 phase may be owe to CaCl2 breaking the structure of Ti-O[19].
It indicated that the crystalline structure of TiO2 changes while reduced at 1000 ℃.
References [1] ShuLan Wang, Yingjun Li, "Reduction mechanism of direct electro-reduction of titanium dioxide in molten calcium chloride," Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 571 (2004) 37-42
[18] Jiayun Zhang, Xingmin Guo, Bo Song, et al., Physical Chemistry in Metallurgy(Bei Jing, BJ: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2004)

In addition, the high temperature caused the structure of the compounds to collapse in the bentonite interlayer, resulting in a decrease in the layer spacing [21].
This change in the structure also leads to a clear decrease in the photocatalytic activity of TiO2-bentonite.
He et al, Progress in Chemistry, 10 (4) (1998) 349-360(in Chinese)
Wei, Environmental Protection of Chemistry Industry, 2000（1）：11-14 (in Chinese)

The material structures that been modified (unmodified) were characterized by XRD, SEM and SpectraPlus.
X-ray diffraction shows that all the samples have perfect spinel structure.
The latest research showed that there are two methods to improve the electrochemistry capability of the spinel material LiMn2O4: the first is to optimize the inside structure and composition of the spinel material LiMn2O4 (such as element doped, the crystal structure modification and so on); the second is the surface structure modification.
Because the Co3+, Cr3+ spins had strong octahedron site-preference energy, it could adulterate Co3+, Cr3+ to the noumenon to stabiliate the structure of the modified spinel.
Chinese Journal of inorganic chemistry,Vol.21 (9)( 2005) ,p.1427.

Characterization of Electron Beam Irradiated Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Dextran (PVP/DEX) Blends DUMITRAŞCU Maria1,a, ALBU Mădălina Georgiana2,b, VÎRGOLICI Marian3,c, VANCEA Cătălin1,d MELTZER Viorica4,e 1National Institute for Lasers Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomiştilor Street, 077125, Măgurele, Romania 2Leather and Footwear Research Institute - INCDTP, Collagen Department, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215, Bucharest, Romania 3Horia Hulubei National Institute of Physics and Nuclear Engineering - IFIN-HH, 407 Atomiştilor Street, 077125, Măgurele, Romania 4University of Bucharest, Faculty of Chemistry, 4-12 B-dul Regina Elisabeta, 030018, Bucharest, Romania amaria_dumitrascu@yahoo.com, balbu_mada@yahoo.com, cvirgolicimarian@yahoo.com, dcatalin.vancea@yahoo.com,viomel@gw-chimie.math.unibuc.ro Keywords: Biomaterials, Dextran, Electron beam Irradiation, Polymeric blends, PVP, PVP/DEX blends Abstract.
Electron beam irradiation is a well known method of producing important structure changes in polymers, being an alternative to chemical synthesis of biomaterials based on polymeric materials.
Somorjai, Probing the interaction of poly( vinylpyrrolidone) with platinum nanocrystals by UV-Raman and FTIR, Journal of Physical Chemistry B 110 (2006) 23052-23059

Úradníke Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Paulínska 16, 917 24 Trnava, Slovakia aalexander.chaus@stuba.sk, bmatej.beznak@stuba.sk, cmichal.bohacik@stuba.sk, djan.porubsky@stuba.sk, epeter.uradnik@stuba.sk Keywords: High-speed steel, Heat Treatment, Structure, Carbides, Composition, Diffusion.
Taking into account that the type of carbides formed during the solidification reactions as well as their volume fraction, size, morphology and distribution have very strong influence on the final mechanical properties of HSS, from the beginning of the seventies a solidification structure of M2 HSS has been studied thoroughly [3-7].
Taking into account above-mentioned, the present paper describes the transformation of the solidification structure as a function of thermal condition which is primarily determined by austenitising temperature.
Thermal stability of the eutectic carbides was shown to depend on their morphology that can be attributed to the chemical composition and chemistry of these carbides, which are in the modified M2 HSS lamellar M2C and fishbone M6C.

Pt/rare-earth cathode catalysts were synthesized by the alcohol-reduction process and its structure was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive analyses (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD).
To provide crystallite structure information of the catalysts as well as average particle size, X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out.
In all difractograms a broad peak at about 25° was associated with the Vulcan XC72R support material, due to the (002) phase of the hexagonal structure of this carbon [14].
The X-ray diffractogram of PtLa/C electrocatalysts showed the typical fcc structure of platinum and the presence of La(III) oxides and hydroxides.
Tributsch: Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry Vol. 578 (2005), p. 339

Crystallization Behavior of PLA/PEG/Nucleating Agent Blends Jinxu Dai1, a, Qiang Yang2,b and Baojian Liu2,c 1 School of Economics ＆ Management, Northwest University of Politics ＆ Law, Xi’an 710063, China 2 Key laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry & technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China adjx999208@sina.com, byq_sust@163.com, c846779491@qq.com Keywords: polylactide; polyethylene glycol; nucleating agent; crystallization Abstract.
The results showed that the crystallization ability of PLA blends was accelerated by plasticizer PEG, but the crystal structure of the obtained PLA blends was imperfect; the crystal structure and crystallization rate of the PLA blends were improved with the addition of nucleating agent, moreover, the crystallinity was 34.1% and 36.5%, respectively.
The crystal structures of PLA were improved via the introduction of LAK particles, which was demonstrated again by the disappearance of cold crystallization peak of PLA/PEG/LAK ternary blends.
The crystal structure of ternary blends was perfect and the Tm rised.

The M-type hexagonal structure can be described as layers of closely packed oxygen ions that are placed upon each other along the hexagonal c-axis.
The structure is stacked alternately by spinel (S = Fe6O82+) and hexagonal (R = SrFe6O112) layers [5].
The cell volume shrinkage detected in both Sample A and B is expected to arise from the oxygen vacancies in their structures.
The ability to photoluminesce by both samples could be due to the oxygen vacancies in their lattice structure which was verified by TGA analyses.
The oxygen vacancies in the lattice structure have an effective positive charge of two making the oxygen vacancies in the lattice structure powerful electron-capture centers [16].