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Textor, M., et al., Properties and biological significance of natural oxide films on titanium and its alloys, in Titanium in medicine. 2001, Springer. p. 171-230
Journal of applied physics, 1994. 75(4): p. 2278-2285
Adachi, Thin film materials technology: sputtering of control compound materials. 2004: Springer
Journal of Applied Physics, 1981. 52(9): p. 5803-5805
Journal of Applied Physics, 2003. 39(8): p. 3742-3761

Zirconium (Zr) dental implants are a good alternative implant bulk material to titanium (Ti) alloys as Zr dental implants have an aesthetically pleasing tooth-like colour and prevent the formation of the greyish cervical collar that typically occurs when Ti alloy-based dental implants are used in thin gingival biotypes, which diminishes its aesthetic appearance, especially in the anterior region [2] [3].
The aim of this present study was to modify the surface of Zr implants with Ge.
Zhang, Compounds, High hydrophilic Si-doped TiO2 nanowires by chemical vapor deposition, 687 (2016) 893-897
Wu, Advances in Effect of Germanium or Germanium Compounds on Animals—A Review, Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 05 (2017) 56-73
Furukawa, Effect of organic germanium compound (Ge-132) on experimental osteoporosis in rats, General pharmacology 24(6) (1993) 1527-32

Uhrmacher: Journal of Alloys and Compounds Vol. 448 (2008), p. 69. ].
Lieb: Journal of Alloys and Compounds Vol. 335 (2002), p. 20. ], and indium and hafnium in bixbyites [.
An example of this was identification of sites occupied by indium in Ni2Al3-structured compounds [.
B Vol. 46 (1992), p. 2743. ] and for In in GdAl2 [60], Ni2Al3-structured compounds [66], ZrAl2 and HfAl2 [62], and Hf3Al2 [68].
In PAC studies of Cu-Hf alloys, a significant site fraction of probes were in a crystalline state resembling Cu3Hf2 [.

Li : Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical Vol. 255 (2006), p.1
Ghoshb, P.Pramanika: Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical Vol. 327 (2010), p.73
Trzeciak: Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical Vol.189 (2002), p.203
Zhao, L.Wang: Journal of Hazardous Materials Vol. 186 (2011) , p. 2089
Okal,: Journal of Alloys and Compounds Vol. 492 (2010), p. 500.

This paper aims to remedy these drawbacks by deposition of thin hard layer to improve wear resistance by increasing hardness, while retaining the core tenacious material.
Also, by mixing will accelerate chemical reactions, occurring physical processes acceleration, dissolution of certain compounds and enhancing heat transfer.
Popa, Electrochemical and SEM characterization of NiTi alloy coated with chitosan by PLD technique, Materials and Corrosion. 63 (2012) 176-180
Gould, Application of Electro-Spark Deposition as a Joining Technology, Welding Journal. 90 (2011) 191-197
Wangb, Electrospark deposition of Al2O3–TiB2/Ni composite-phase surface coatings on Cu-Cr-Zr alloy electrodes, Journal of Asian Ceramic Societies. 3 (2015) 103–107

It shows that the titanium ions are combined in difficult-soluble compounds, and they are removed from the solution.
It is well-known that blue Ti3O5 and (TiO2*Ti2O3) compounds are formed.
Therefore, the heavy fraction of powder differs from the light powder due to presence of titanium and nitrogen compounds.
Perhaps, it is the cause of surface layers formation of ball-shaped particles obtained from molten titanium and compounds.
Journal of applied physics. 95(3) (2004) 823-829.

The aim of this study is to investigate the consolidation performances of the composites containing oxidized and non-oxidized SiC processed by ECAP-T.
LEE Jae-chul, SEOK Hyun-kwang, LEE Ho-in. (1999) Alloy design of thixoformable wrought SiC/Al alloy composites [J].
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 492(1-2): 116-121

In this regard several papers [6-9] deal with the effect of quenching and aging on the precipitation behavior of Pb-Ca-Sn alloys.
The cell was compound of a circular electrode of 1 cm2 of working area, Pt counter electrode and a saturated calomel reference electrode.
[8] Muras j, Journal Power Sources, pp. 119-122, (1995)
Othani, Journal Phase Equilibria.Vol 16, (1952), p. 317
[18] Rose MV, Young JÁ, Lead calcium (tin) alloys.

While several metals and alloys can be utilized in the metal AM process, the diversity is not as extensive as that of traditional processes.
However, researchers are currently working on developing new alloys and improving the processing conditions to overcome the mentioned limitations [32, 37, 42, 72].
Farayibi, “Wire arc additive manufacturing of aluminium alloys for aerospace and automotive applications: a review,” Materials Science and Technology, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 391–408, May 2022
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 632, 505-513
T., Simonelli, M., Parry, L., Ashcroft, I., Tuck, C., & Hague, R. (2019). 3D printing of Aluminium alloys: Additive Manufacturing of Aluminium alloys using selective laser melting.

Journal of Rare Earths, 28 (1), (2010), 150-152
Journal of Rare Earths, 29 (1), (2011), 39-43
Journal of alloys and compounds, 486(1-2), (2009), 549-553
Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 779, (2019), 892-899
Journal of alloys and compounds, 374(1-2), (2004), 56-59