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Online since: July 2016
Authors: Raimundo Pereira de Farias, R. Pinheiro Neto, W. Pereira da Silva, A.G. Barbosa de Lima
Predicted results were obtained by fitting to experimental data using the least square error technique.
The fitted results presented good concordance with the experimental data.
This in turn causes serious economic losses as a result of reduction in weight and quality.
After the optimization process carried out for the available experimental data were obtained the results summarized in Table 2.
Analyzing the results given in Table 2, there is an excellent fit of the diffusive model to the experimental data, providing mass transport coefficients with values tending to increase strongly with increasing temperature and slightly with decreases of the relative humidity of the drying air.
The fitted results presented good concordance with the experimental data.
This in turn causes serious economic losses as a result of reduction in weight and quality.
After the optimization process carried out for the available experimental data were obtained the results summarized in Table 2.
Analyzing the results given in Table 2, there is an excellent fit of the diffusive model to the experimental data, providing mass transport coefficients with values tending to increase strongly with increasing temperature and slightly with decreases of the relative humidity of the drying air.
Online since: September 2011
Authors: Hosein Rahnema, Mohammad Hosein Modarresi, Ali Lashkari, Mohammad Ali Hadianfard, Saeid Sedaghat
In addition, it is observed that the maximum value of reduction in slump (82.1%, 11.5cm) corresponding to 1.2% chips of group C and slump of base sample reduces from 14 cm to 2.5 cm.
Also it may be seen that the minimum reduction of slump in same percentage of fiber occurred with adding industrial steel fiber.
Change (%) Value (MPa) Change (%) Value (MPa) Change (%) Value (kg/m3) Change (%) Value (Cm) - 2.77 - 53.00 - 2390 - 14 A1 24.51 3.45 -2.3 51.8 1.21 2419 -25.0 10.5 A2 26.50 3.51 -11.9 46.7 2.18 2442 -48.6 7.2 A3 1.99 2.83 -13.6 45.8 3.56 2475 -65.7 4.8 A4 2.74 2.85 8.3 57.4 3.47 2473 -39.3 8.5 A5 43.10 3.96 10.6 58.6 4.35 2494 -60.7 5.5 A6 23.43 3.42 3.6 54.9 5.10 2512 -67.9 4.5 A7 28.92 3.57 10.4 58.5 1.92 2436 -53.6 6.5 A8 20.14 3.33 7.5 57.00 2.47 2469 -56.4 6.1 A9 12.31 3.11 4.3 55.3 4.60 2500 -82.1 2.5 A10 20.00 3.32 7.1 56.76 4.02 2486 -32.1 9.5 A11 41.20 3.87 11.8 59.25 5.15 2513 -50.0 7 A12 63.10 4.43 14.0 60.42 6.28 2540 -67.1 4.6 A13 Figure 3- Variation of slumps versus the type and amount of chips and fiber Figure 4- Variation of density versus the type and amount of chips and fiber As it is seen in figure 5, the increase in the amount of chips in group A has led to a reduction in compressive strength.
All acquired strength data for specimens in group B and C are showing more compressive strength than specimens without chips.
The flextural strength value rised up to reach a maximum value and then fall down, but all acquired data for flextural strength values of specimens with chips are more than of specimens without chips.
Also it may be seen that the minimum reduction of slump in same percentage of fiber occurred with adding industrial steel fiber.
Change (%) Value (MPa) Change (%) Value (MPa) Change (%) Value (kg/m3) Change (%) Value (Cm) - 2.77 - 53.00 - 2390 - 14 A1 24.51 3.45 -2.3 51.8 1.21 2419 -25.0 10.5 A2 26.50 3.51 -11.9 46.7 2.18 2442 -48.6 7.2 A3 1.99 2.83 -13.6 45.8 3.56 2475 -65.7 4.8 A4 2.74 2.85 8.3 57.4 3.47 2473 -39.3 8.5 A5 43.10 3.96 10.6 58.6 4.35 2494 -60.7 5.5 A6 23.43 3.42 3.6 54.9 5.10 2512 -67.9 4.5 A7 28.92 3.57 10.4 58.5 1.92 2436 -53.6 6.5 A8 20.14 3.33 7.5 57.00 2.47 2469 -56.4 6.1 A9 12.31 3.11 4.3 55.3 4.60 2500 -82.1 2.5 A10 20.00 3.32 7.1 56.76 4.02 2486 -32.1 9.5 A11 41.20 3.87 11.8 59.25 5.15 2513 -50.0 7 A12 63.10 4.43 14.0 60.42 6.28 2540 -67.1 4.6 A13 Figure 3- Variation of slumps versus the type and amount of chips and fiber Figure 4- Variation of density versus the type and amount of chips and fiber As it is seen in figure 5, the increase in the amount of chips in group A has led to a reduction in compressive strength.
All acquired strength data for specimens in group B and C are showing more compressive strength than specimens without chips.
The flextural strength value rised up to reach a maximum value and then fall down, but all acquired data for flextural strength values of specimens with chips are more than of specimens without chips.
Online since: November 2013
Authors: Tsuyoshi Hirajima, Radzali Othman, Phoumiphon Nordala, Mohamad Hasmaliza
Results and Discussion
The data of chemical composition and loss on ignition (LOI) of the raw materials are presented in Table 1.
From the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data obtained, the chemical composition of the granite waste (GW) is made up of SiO2 as the predominant oxide, followed by Al2O3 and K2O whilst Na2O, CaO, MgO and P2O5 are present only in small quantities.
As the temperature increases to 1150˚C, reduction in water absorption can be observed in all the bodies.
The reduction of water absorption continues at temperature of 1200˚C where the mixture of 50/50 is observed to be at the lowest percentage compared to the other mixtures.
The decrease in the percentage of water absorption with increasing temperature is due to the formation of a large amount of liquid phase which contributed to the reduction in porosity [12,13].
From the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data obtained, the chemical composition of the granite waste (GW) is made up of SiO2 as the predominant oxide, followed by Al2O3 and K2O whilst Na2O, CaO, MgO and P2O5 are present only in small quantities.
As the temperature increases to 1150˚C, reduction in water absorption can be observed in all the bodies.
The reduction of water absorption continues at temperature of 1200˚C where the mixture of 50/50 is observed to be at the lowest percentage compared to the other mixtures.
The decrease in the percentage of water absorption with increasing temperature is due to the formation of a large amount of liquid phase which contributed to the reduction in porosity [12,13].
Online since: February 2017
Authors: Supunnee Junpirom, Atichat Wongkoblab, Thitipob Sirisoontornpanit
Recently, this zeolite was used as catalyst with various metals loading as Cu, Ag, Fe, and Co for NOx reduction reaction from combustion engine [7].
Reduction of energy consumption was also investigated by using the fast hydrothermal synthesis or using the low temperature [9].
This conclusion is supported by the comparison the experimental data with the XRD standard pattern of SUZ-4 zeolite [15] at following 2θ positions; 7.7, 15.1, 19.3, 24.8, 25.5, and 28.4.
E., NOx reduction over metal-ion exchange novel zeolite under lean conditions activity and hydrothermal stability, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 42 (2003) 155-178
[10] Sinpakumpepab, S. and Ounjarenkul, S., Unpublished data, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 1997
Reduction of energy consumption was also investigated by using the fast hydrothermal synthesis or using the low temperature [9].
This conclusion is supported by the comparison the experimental data with the XRD standard pattern of SUZ-4 zeolite [15] at following 2θ positions; 7.7, 15.1, 19.3, 24.8, 25.5, and 28.4.
E., NOx reduction over metal-ion exchange novel zeolite under lean conditions activity and hydrothermal stability, Applied Catalysis B: Environmental. 42 (2003) 155-178
[10] Sinpakumpepab, S. and Ounjarenkul, S., Unpublished data, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 1997
Online since: September 2016
Authors: T.A. Vasilenko
And the use of additives in the technological process which are used for quality improvement, cost reduction can improve production efficiency.
Problem The main objectives of the research work are as follows: study of physical and chemical properties of iron containing electric steel melting slag; granule moulding with the addition of waste from 1 to 10 %, their burning at the temperature of 1170 or 1185 ºC within 7 minutes (the lower temperatures do not provide the effect of swelling for the expanded clay aggregate); physical and mechanical tests of the obtained expanded clay samples according to the methods [12]; determination of the optimal addition of wastes, analysis of obtained data and determination of the mineral mullite shape in the expanded clay aggregate with the addition of slag.
According to the literary data [16] magnetite crystals embed in the glass phase that is the cause of its destruction and reduction of the strength of the pores walls.
It is not recommended to burn samples with slag at the temperature of 1185 ºC because surface melting or insufficient swelling of the granules occurs, which leads to the reduction in strength when compressed.
Problem The main objectives of the research work are as follows: study of physical and chemical properties of iron containing electric steel melting slag; granule moulding with the addition of waste from 1 to 10 %, their burning at the temperature of 1170 or 1185 ºC within 7 minutes (the lower temperatures do not provide the effect of swelling for the expanded clay aggregate); physical and mechanical tests of the obtained expanded clay samples according to the methods [12]; determination of the optimal addition of wastes, analysis of obtained data and determination of the mineral mullite shape in the expanded clay aggregate with the addition of slag.
According to the literary data [16] magnetite crystals embed in the glass phase that is the cause of its destruction and reduction of the strength of the pores walls.
It is not recommended to burn samples with slag at the temperature of 1185 ºC because surface melting or insufficient swelling of the granules occurs, which leads to the reduction in strength when compressed.
Online since: September 2011
Authors: Chang Wei Yang, Jian Jing Zhang, Chuan Bin Zhu
Due to the lack of the domestic high-speed rail track irregularity data at present, this article uses the rail track irregularity data provided by the simulation software ADAMS/Rail in order to get better effect of simulation.
Figure 13 Track deflection angle model In order to research on the relationship between dynamic indicators and track deflection angles, Six kinetics indicators which are wheel-rail lateral force, wheel-rail vertical force, vertical acceleration of the wagon-body, lateral acceleration of the wagon -body, derailment coefficient and rate of the wheel load reduction are calculated respectively when the track deflection angle are 1.7‰,1.6‰,1.5‰,1.4‰,1.3‰,1.2‰,1.1‰,1.0‰,0.9‰,0.8‰,0.7‰,0.6‰,0.5‰,0.4‰,0.3‰, and then the calculation results are compared with the rules of TB / T2360293 and GB5599-85,the concrete conclusions as follows: First, four indexes which are wheel-rail lateral force, wheel-rail vertical force, vertical acceleration of the wagon -body and derailment coefficient can satisfy the requirements of codes when the track deflection angle ranges between 0.3‰ and 1.7‰.
Third, the rate of the wheel load reduction can satisfy the requirements of codes when the track deflection angle ranges between 0‰ and 0.9‰; but when the track deflection angle ranges between 1.0‰ and 1.7‰, it can’t satisfy the requirements of codes.
Fourth, vertical acceleration of the wagon -body and lateral acceleration of the wagon-body increase nonlinearly with the increase of the track deflection angle; Wheel-rail lateral force, wheel-rail vertical force and rate of the wheel load reduction increase linearly; Derailment coefficient always maintains the constant value.
Figure 13 Track deflection angle model In order to research on the relationship between dynamic indicators and track deflection angles, Six kinetics indicators which are wheel-rail lateral force, wheel-rail vertical force, vertical acceleration of the wagon-body, lateral acceleration of the wagon -body, derailment coefficient and rate of the wheel load reduction are calculated respectively when the track deflection angle are 1.7‰,1.6‰,1.5‰,1.4‰,1.3‰,1.2‰,1.1‰,1.0‰,0.9‰,0.8‰,0.7‰,0.6‰,0.5‰,0.4‰,0.3‰, and then the calculation results are compared with the rules of TB / T2360293 and GB5599-85,the concrete conclusions as follows: First, four indexes which are wheel-rail lateral force, wheel-rail vertical force, vertical acceleration of the wagon -body and derailment coefficient can satisfy the requirements of codes when the track deflection angle ranges between 0.3‰ and 1.7‰.
Third, the rate of the wheel load reduction can satisfy the requirements of codes when the track deflection angle ranges between 0‰ and 0.9‰; but when the track deflection angle ranges between 1.0‰ and 1.7‰, it can’t satisfy the requirements of codes.
Fourth, vertical acceleration of the wagon -body and lateral acceleration of the wagon-body increase nonlinearly with the increase of the track deflection angle; Wheel-rail lateral force, wheel-rail vertical force and rate of the wheel load reduction increase linearly; Derailment coefficient always maintains the constant value.
Online since: January 2010
Authors: Jan Bohlen, Dietmar Letzig, Sang Bong Yi, Stefan Zaefferer, Kerstin Hantzsche, Rodolfo Gonzalez Martinez, Igor Schestakow
Hot rolling was conducted at 400°C using laboratory rolling mill to a total thickness
reduction of 93 %, from 20 mm to 1.4 mm.
To avoid cracking, the thickness reduction per pass was controlled not to exceed 4% during the cold rolling (ϕ < 0.05 / pass) [4].
After 50% of the thickness reduction by cold rolling, i.e. at a final thickness of about 0.9 mm, the sheet was annealed at 350 °C for various times, 1 to 60 min.
Fig. 7 presents the {10 1 0} and (0001) pole figures calculated using the EBSD data.
(a) (b) (c) Fig. 7 (0001) and {10 1 0} pole figures of deep drawn cups calculated using the EBSD data: (a) at the wall and (b) bottom.
To avoid cracking, the thickness reduction per pass was controlled not to exceed 4% during the cold rolling (ϕ < 0.05 / pass) [4].
After 50% of the thickness reduction by cold rolling, i.e. at a final thickness of about 0.9 mm, the sheet was annealed at 350 °C for various times, 1 to 60 min.
Fig. 7 presents the {10 1 0} and (0001) pole figures calculated using the EBSD data.
(a) (b) (c) Fig. 7 (0001) and {10 1 0} pole figures of deep drawn cups calculated using the EBSD data: (a) at the wall and (b) bottom.
Online since: August 2020
Authors: Arisara Chaikittiratana, Tonkid Chantrasmi, Sacharuck Pornpeerakeat, Sitthichai Limrungruengrat, Utid Suripa
Traditionally, rubber manufacturers have relied on rheometer data obtained from isothermal conditions and operational trial and error to find appropriate curing parameters such as heating time and mould temperature for their manufacturing processes.
However, the rate of reduction in heating time gradually decreases as the mould temperature increases.
When the mould temperature is increased to 150 oC, an additional reduction in heating time of 26 minutes can be achieved without the risk of over curing at the surface.
The validation of the simulation results against the experimentally measured data will be presented in our future work.
From the simulation results, a significant reduction in heating time of the solid tire can be achieved when the mould temperature and initial temperature of the rubber are increased.
However, the rate of reduction in heating time gradually decreases as the mould temperature increases.
When the mould temperature is increased to 150 oC, an additional reduction in heating time of 26 minutes can be achieved without the risk of over curing at the surface.
The validation of the simulation results against the experimentally measured data will be presented in our future work.
From the simulation results, a significant reduction in heating time of the solid tire can be achieved when the mould temperature and initial temperature of the rubber are increased.
Online since: June 2013
Authors: Cheng Xu, Tao Li
In reality, such embedded devices have to handle diverse data types and operate in dynamic application and communication environments.
(4) From the above equations, we see that the energy savings increase quadratically when there is a reduction in the supply voltage.
(5) Where Nv denotes the total number of discrete voltage levels of PEj , without loss of generality, we let N(1)=N(2)=…=N(Np)=Nv in this paper for simplicity . tc denotes the total duration of time for which the bus is used to transfer data.
Table 3 Performance comparison between EE-GMA and CROES Task Node/Edge/PE EE-GMA-ASG-VTS CROES-ASG-VTS Saving(%) Time(s) Saving(%) Time(s) Tgff1 17/19/4 36.9732 71 39.6010 65 Tgff2 10/9/5 57.2075 163 58.7234 149 Tgff3 22/25/3 42.8854 645 43.5218 545 Tgff4 21/24/8 43.9253 901 45.7561 720 Tgff5 21/24/4 37.1446 269 42.6658 208 Tgff6 11/11/3 43.7361 253 46.6795 232 Tgff7 28/33/3 47.4707 1139 49.4082 914 Tgff8 21/24/3 59.3011 462 61.3619 382 Fig.3 shows that compared with the traditional genetic algorithm, our CROES task mapping strategy achieved a significant improvement in the rate of reduction in system energy consumption , under the premise of using the same low-power scheduling algorithm.
[3] A.Andrei, M.T.Schmitz, P.Eles, Z.Peng and B.M.Al-Hashimi, Overhead-Conscious Voltage Selection for Dynamic and Leakage Energy Reduction of Time-Constrainted systems, IEEE Proc.
(4) From the above equations, we see that the energy savings increase quadratically when there is a reduction in the supply voltage.
(5) Where Nv denotes the total number of discrete voltage levels of PEj , without loss of generality, we let N(1)=N(2)=…=N(Np)=Nv in this paper for simplicity . tc denotes the total duration of time for which the bus is used to transfer data.
Table 3 Performance comparison between EE-GMA and CROES Task Node/Edge/PE EE-GMA-ASG-VTS CROES-ASG-VTS Saving(%) Time(s) Saving(%) Time(s) Tgff1 17/19/4 36.9732 71 39.6010 65 Tgff2 10/9/5 57.2075 163 58.7234 149 Tgff3 22/25/3 42.8854 645 43.5218 545 Tgff4 21/24/8 43.9253 901 45.7561 720 Tgff5 21/24/4 37.1446 269 42.6658 208 Tgff6 11/11/3 43.7361 253 46.6795 232 Tgff7 28/33/3 47.4707 1139 49.4082 914 Tgff8 21/24/3 59.3011 462 61.3619 382 Fig.3 shows that compared with the traditional genetic algorithm, our CROES task mapping strategy achieved a significant improvement in the rate of reduction in system energy consumption , under the premise of using the same low-power scheduling algorithm.
[3] A.Andrei, M.T.Schmitz, P.Eles, Z.Peng and B.M.Al-Hashimi, Overhead-Conscious Voltage Selection for Dynamic and Leakage Energy Reduction of Time-Constrainted systems, IEEE Proc.
Online since: October 2011
Authors: Jie Yu, Guo Di Zheng, Tong Bin Chen
The PCBs concentration of Chinese cities sludge is declining yearly trend in recent years [17], and monitoring data also indicates that the sludge PCBs concentration is lower, at present concentration is used early residue.
Study found that PCBs of sewage sludge dewatering had been declining at home and abroad, which provided certain data basis for control of environmental risk of sludge.
Reduction methods of organic contaminants in sewage sludge have ionizing radiation degradation technology and bio-fermentation technology.
At present, organic contaminants reduction technology of sewage sludge in commonly used biodegradable technology.
Bio-degradable technology has anaerobic digestion and aerobic fermentation technology, using more technology for the biological aerobic fermentation, usually high temperature aerobic fermentation of organic contaminant substances may be degraded by the action of microorganisms, is an effective method of organic contaminants reduction in the sludge.
Study found that PCBs of sewage sludge dewatering had been declining at home and abroad, which provided certain data basis for control of environmental risk of sludge.
Reduction methods of organic contaminants in sewage sludge have ionizing radiation degradation technology and bio-fermentation technology.
At present, organic contaminants reduction technology of sewage sludge in commonly used biodegradable technology.
Bio-degradable technology has anaerobic digestion and aerobic fermentation technology, using more technology for the biological aerobic fermentation, usually high temperature aerobic fermentation of organic contaminant substances may be degraded by the action of microorganisms, is an effective method of organic contaminants reduction in the sludge.