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Iron chloride tetrahydrate (FeCl2∙4H2O) (purity = 99.0 %, Sigma Aldrich CAS Number 13478-10-9) and zinc acetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2∙2H2O) (purity = 99.99 %, Sigma Aldrich CAS Number 5970-45-6) were used as starting precursors.
All samples have a polycrystalline structure and crystallized in two different phases: a rhombohedral hematite phase (αFe2O3), identifiable to the JCPDS card number 01-086-2368, with maximum intensity in the (110) orientation and a cubic magnetite phase (Fe3O4) identifiable to the JCPDS card number 01-075-1609, with maximum intensity in the (022) orientation.
This can be attributed to an insufficient number of charge carriers caused by a small doping rate.
Djelloul, A structural and optical properties of Cudoped ZnO films prepared by spray pyrolysis, Appl.
Aida, Realization and study of ZnO thin films intended for optoelectronic applications, J.

Fig. 1(a) depicts the transmission spectra of ZnO film.
Table1: Optical parameters of ZnO film.
A standard d-spacing of ZnO from JCPDS card numbers 36-1451 was used to check the film's purity [25].
No additional impurity peak was observed other than ZnO in the XRD pattern which confirmed the purity of ZnO film.
Gas Sensing Properties When ZnO was exposed to the atmosphere, the adsorption of oxygen on the ZnO surface resulted which trapped electrons from the conduction band of the ZnO.

Moreover, the optical bandgap of nanofibrous ZnO was lower than that of nanoconical ZnO.
Zn2+ (aq.) +2 e- → Zn/ZnO (1) Zn/ZnO + HOCH2-CH2OH →Zn/ZnO Fig. 1.
The quality of conformity between the observed and calculated data can be measured by a number of conventional factors, generally called as ‘R-factors’ (Rexp, Rwp etc.) which have been defined by the following equations [3], (2) (3) and (4) where Iio and Iic stand for the observed and calculated intensities in the ith step, wi represents the weighted factor, (n-p) be the number of degrees of freedom.
The unit cell distortion parameter (ξu) and the degree of cell distortion (R) for a hexagonal wurtzite nanostructures have also been evaluated using the following relations [18]: (6) and (7) Values of a0 and c0 have been taken from JCPDS database (card no. 05-0664) for this calculations.
The mean speed of sound can be written in the form [24,26], (17) Using the um value from Table 4, Debye temperature (θD) can be estimated by using the following relation [24,26], (18) Here, n is the number of atoms in the hexagonal unit cell, NA is the Avogadro number, kB is the Boltzmann constant, and M is the molecular weight of ZnO.

FT-IR spectra of ZnO-CaO NPs The crystalline structure and average size of nanoparticles of ZnO-CaO were identified with the XRD technique.
They are consistent with the standard pattern for JCPDS Card No. (36-1451 and 05-0586) and confirmed that ZnO-CaO nanoparticles had been formed.
XRD patterns of ZnO-CaO NPs (blue CaO, red ZnO) The SEM images in Figure 3 show the morphology and particle size of ZnO-CaO.
SEM image of ZnO-CaO NPs Figure 4 shows the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the ZnO-CaO NPs.
Recycling of the ZnO-CaO NPs catalyst Yielda (%) Number of cycles 90 1 89 2 85 3 84 4 a Isolated yield after chromatography Conclusions In summary, an efficient protocol for the synthesis of indole derivatives was described with the reaction of isatin and amines using ZnO-CaO NPs as an inexpensive and reusable catalyst in ethanol.

The MgO (periclase) polycrystalline thin film consisted of a single-phase cubic system agree to employ JCPDS database card No. (45-0946), agree with [23].
Hence the modified thin films with Se shows present of the Magnesium selenate phase MgSeO4 addendum to the periclase MgO phase, polycrystalline MgSeO4 phase agree with the JCPDS database card No. (17-0845) orthorhombic system.
The modified thin films with Ti shows present of the Magnesium titanium oxide (Magnesium Orthotitanate) phase Mg2TiO4 addendum to the Periclase MgO phase, polycrystalline Mg2TiO4 phase agree with the JCPDS database card No. (25-1157) cubic system.
Moreover; the number of crystallites (N) can be estimated from [34]: (8) The phases concur and XRD data MgO modified with Ti and Se thin film in Table 1.
Somanathan, Can Be a Bimetal Oxide ZnO—MgO Nanoparticles Anticancer Drug Carrier and Deliver?

Thus the expected improvement in general characteristics of the titanium zinc oxide solid solution can occur for low contents of ZnO [16-18].
The peak set found in diffraction patterns were identified identify by comparing with similar compositions of titanium dioxide phases available on JCPDS data bank [19].
In both samples, the diffraction peak sets correspondent to the anatase single phase, with tetragonal symmetry and space group I41AmdZ, according the JCPDS card number 21-1272, as van be observed by peaks at 25, 38, 48, 54, 55, 63, and 68 º(2-theta).
The raw data of X-ray diffraction were refined by Rietveld method by the structural model found on ICSD structural data bank [22] in card number 82084.
[19] JCPDS - Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards/International Center for Diffraction Data, Powder Diffraction File 2003

In recent years, some research groups have already investigated the photocatalytic activity of heterostructured In2O3 with ZnO [6], TiO2 [7], and NaNbO3 [8].
All the diffraction peaks in Fig. 1a can be indexed to the tetragonal phase of BiOCl (JCPDS card no. 06-0249) with the lattice constants of a = 0.3891 nm and c = 7.369 nm.
As can be seen, the XRD pattern of composite photocatalyst clearly shows the diffraction peaks corresponding to BiOCl and cubic In2O3 (JCPDS card no. 06-0416).
As shown in Fig. 2a, pure BiOCl powders possess flower-like nanostructures, and each flower-like BiOCl nanostructure is composed of a number of nanoplates having the width of ca. 100–300 nm and thickness of ca. 7–20 nm.
Meanwhile, a large number of holes on the surface of In2O3 can also participate in photocatalytic reactions to directly or indirectly mineralize organic pollutants.

The influence of the number of laser pulses on the photovoltaic properties of a ZnO thin film was observed [39].
The irradiation time (number of pulses) of the laser source on the nanostructured ZnO film was varied.
The major peaks may be attributed to the hexagonal polycrystalline nature [42] of the nanostructured ZnO film with lattice parameters a = 3.2496 Å and c = 5.2065 Å (JCPDS Card No. 36-1451).
The nanostructured ZnO film exhibited weak infrared (IR) features, with a limited number of peaks observed within the 2000–4000 cm1 range.
The IR intensity of the nanostructured ZnO thin film is overall affected by laser irradiation times (number of pulses).

XRD patterns of a) ZnO-EG and b) ZnO-PEG nanoparticles Results exhibited well matched peaks with the hexagonal structure of ZnO with a single phase (JCPDS card No. 5-0664) for both products.
FESEM images of the ZnO- EG and ZnO-PEG are shown in Fig. 3.
FESEM images of a) ZnO-EG and b) ZnO-PEG nanoparticles The EDX spectra of ZnO-EG and ZnO-PEG are presented in Fig. 4.
It affects considerably the number of active sites on the catalyst surface and the degree of light penetration within the illuminated solution [34].
For ZnO-PEG, the decrease in activity observed after 0.04 g weight is attributed to the decrease in suspension homogeneity due to agglomeration of nanoparticles that reduced the number of active sites for catalytic reaction and hindered the effective illumination of nanoparticles surface, i.e. hindered the generation of oxidative radicals and decreased the rate of degradation [35, 36].

Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) is most widely used as a cationic surfactant for synthesizing large number of inorganic materials.
In the XRD pattern, compared with the standard diffraction peaks from JCPDS card no# 01-084-1263, the peaks located at 2θ values of 10–90° can be indexed to the characteristic diffractions of hexagonal phase Ca(OH)2 (a = 3.59180 Å, c = 4.90630 Å).
Yu: A CTAB-assisted hydrothermal and solvothermal synthesis of ZnO nanopowders.
ZnO nanoparticle-functionalized WO3 plates with enhanced photoelectrochemical properties J.
Li: A CTAB-assisted hydrothermal orientation growth of ZnO nanorods Mater.