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Online since: October 2015
Authors: Gabriel Fedorko, Zdenek Cujan
This technology (Fig. 1) uses monitoring of data on the display which is allocated directly on the bar of shelf or head regal.
t … number of labour hours [h or min] We are interested in the productivity of store operators which is possible to evaluate by these basic indicators: · Performance for time unit (working shift, hour), · Number of employees, · Labour consumption on the selected product – time cost of operating positions which is important for formulation of labour costs, performance at the workplace or number of employees, who must work at these positions, · Number of productivity per employee – it is used the methodology of data collection based on the direct monitoring of workplaces.
§ in the cases of a large number of small orders is possible to use bat processing of orders, this presents the connection of several orders to one bigger order which is assembled together, § assembling time, i.e. reduction of the time period among receipt order and disclosure of assembled order to consignation, § accuracy of assembling which significantly exercise an influence on the quality of provided services.
For increase of assembling operations helps continual reduction of the volume of consignments and increase of their frequency caused by effort to reduction of supplies in the supply chain and increasing number of e-shops.
t … number of labour hours [h or min] We are interested in the productivity of store operators which is possible to evaluate by these basic indicators: · Performance for time unit (working shift, hour), · Number of employees, · Labour consumption on the selected product – time cost of operating positions which is important for formulation of labour costs, performance at the workplace or number of employees, who must work at these positions, · Number of productivity per employee – it is used the methodology of data collection based on the direct monitoring of workplaces.
§ in the cases of a large number of small orders is possible to use bat processing of orders, this presents the connection of several orders to one bigger order which is assembled together, § assembling time, i.e. reduction of the time period among receipt order and disclosure of assembled order to consignation, § accuracy of assembling which significantly exercise an influence on the quality of provided services.
For increase of assembling operations helps continual reduction of the volume of consignments and increase of their frequency caused by effort to reduction of supplies in the supply chain and increasing number of e-shops.
Online since: August 2012
Authors: S.L.G. Petroni, M.S.M. Paula, V.A.R. Henriques, C.A.A. Cairo
The high content of these elements dissolved into α or β phase of titanium is directly related to the increase in microhardness and reduction of ductility (embrittlement) [5].
Data analysis was performed by using the statistical software R.
Effect of milling time of hydride powders upon the density and oxygen content of sintered samples TiH2 Sintered Ti-6Al-4V [1200 ºC] M [h] Particle Size [μm] Density [g.cm-3] O [%] 1 19.2 4.06 ± 0.07 0.64 ± 0.01 6 7.3 4.08 ± 0.03 1.11 ± 0.01 18 3.2 4.11 ± 0.04 1.41 ± 0.03 The reduction in powder size with increasing milling time resulted in a slight increase in density (Table 4).
Thus, since the sintering can be satisfactorily achieved through the use of shorter milling times, the reduction of powders must be carefully applied.
Microstructural data regarding the solubilization of vanadium in the Ti-6Al-4V alloy suggest that stabilization of β phase can be successfully achieved at temperatures around 1200 °C [14], even if the use of longer periods of time is necessary.
Data analysis was performed by using the statistical software R.
Effect of milling time of hydride powders upon the density and oxygen content of sintered samples TiH2 Sintered Ti-6Al-4V [1200 ºC] M [h] Particle Size [μm] Density [g.cm-3] O [%] 1 19.2 4.06 ± 0.07 0.64 ± 0.01 6 7.3 4.08 ± 0.03 1.11 ± 0.01 18 3.2 4.11 ± 0.04 1.41 ± 0.03 The reduction in powder size with increasing milling time resulted in a slight increase in density (Table 4).
Thus, since the sintering can be satisfactorily achieved through the use of shorter milling times, the reduction of powders must be carefully applied.
Microstructural data regarding the solubilization of vanadium in the Ti-6Al-4V alloy suggest that stabilization of β phase can be successfully achieved at temperatures around 1200 °C [14], even if the use of longer periods of time is necessary.
Online since: June 2011
Authors: Xiao Bin Fan, Hua Zhao, Hua Jun Jian, Yi Xie
Introduction
Today, energy-saving and reduction resistance are the main subject in design vessels.
Since the 19 century naval architects have realized that a reduction in the overall resistance of a ship can be achieved by the addition of a bulbous bow to the hull form.
Recognizing the importance of the bulbous bow form in reducing a ship’s resistance for the different resistance reduction mechanism between low medium speed vessels and high speed vessels [8], it is necessary to classify bulbous bow according to some geometric parameters.
As can be found from figures 2, the numerical results of total resistance show a fair agreement with experimental data at numerical simulation velocity range.
DV-1 DV-2 DV-3 (a) backward midship (b) fore midship Fig.5 Contour of pressure distribution Results and suggestions In this paper, it simulated the viscous wave-making flow field of three displacement deep-vee vessels, using RNGmodel to solve RANS equations, and compared with the experimental data.
Since the 19 century naval architects have realized that a reduction in the overall resistance of a ship can be achieved by the addition of a bulbous bow to the hull form.
Recognizing the importance of the bulbous bow form in reducing a ship’s resistance for the different resistance reduction mechanism between low medium speed vessels and high speed vessels [8], it is necessary to classify bulbous bow according to some geometric parameters.
As can be found from figures 2, the numerical results of total resistance show a fair agreement with experimental data at numerical simulation velocity range.
DV-1 DV-2 DV-3 (a) backward midship (b) fore midship Fig.5 Contour of pressure distribution Results and suggestions In this paper, it simulated the viscous wave-making flow field of three displacement deep-vee vessels, using RNGmodel to solve RANS equations, and compared with the experimental data.
Online since: August 2024
Authors: Ahmad Saood, V.M.S. Hussain, Md. Israr Equbal
Figure 4 illustrates that the data conforms to a normal distribution.
Achieving this minimal die wear value through the optimal parameter settings contributes to an increased die life and, consequently, a reduction in the overall cost of the forging process.
Conclusion The research focused on analyzing the impact of parameters such as billet temperature, die temperature, friction coefficient, and percentage reduction on the response variable of die wear during forging operations.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to identify significant parameters, with billet temperature and percentage reduction identified as the most influential factors affecting the response.
The study also developed regression models to predict die wear, and the smaller deviation from simulated data confirmed the effectiveness of the models in predicting die wear values.
Achieving this minimal die wear value through the optimal parameter settings contributes to an increased die life and, consequently, a reduction in the overall cost of the forging process.
Conclusion The research focused on analyzing the impact of parameters such as billet temperature, die temperature, friction coefficient, and percentage reduction on the response variable of die wear during forging operations.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to identify significant parameters, with billet temperature and percentage reduction identified as the most influential factors affecting the response.
The study also developed regression models to predict die wear, and the smaller deviation from simulated data confirmed the effectiveness of the models in predicting die wear values.
Online since: February 2013
Authors: Edson Costa Santos, Kenji Kanemasu, Justyna Rozwadowska, Megumi Uryu, Kenichi Saruwatari, Hitonobu Koike, K. Itakura, Katsuyuki Kida
Fig. 5(b) shows EDS data of this film.
This result shows that the presence of the PEEK film in the interface is strongly related to the backlash reduction.
(b) EDS data of PEEK film.
Haraguchi: Development of output coupling mechanisms using the harmonic drive, Proc. vol.2, 2004IEEE/RSJ (2004)pp 1275 - 1280 [4] Y.Kiyosawa: Introduction of Ultra Flat Strain Wave Gearing,JSME,No04-17,pp76-79 (2004) [5] M.Hashimoto, I.Godler: Built-in High Accuracy Torque Sending For Harmonic Drive Gears, JRSJ, vol15-5, pp802-806(1997) [6] S.Yanabe: Torsional stiffness of Harmonic Drive Reducers, JSME,vol55-509,pp216-221 (1989) [7] T.Oguri: Backlash compensation of reduction gears by twin moter cooperative control 602 JSME 145-146(2006) [8] K.Nagamura,T.Koumori: Driving Performance of High Reduction Planetary Gear Drive with Arc Tooth Profile and Pin, 123 JSME 103-106 No.07-15(2007) [9] K.Gotouda: Experimental Analysis about the Influence of Alignment Error on Transmission Error of Planetary Gears; JSME vol4,37-38(2008) [10] N.Ito,H.Hasegawa: Robust Optimization of the Gait for a Biped Robot on External Factors, JSME,No08-35 (2008) ,47-52 [11] C.Sabourin,O.Bruneau: Robustness
This result shows that the presence of the PEEK film in the interface is strongly related to the backlash reduction.
(b) EDS data of PEEK film.
Haraguchi: Development of output coupling mechanisms using the harmonic drive, Proc. vol.2, 2004IEEE/RSJ (2004)pp 1275 - 1280 [4] Y.Kiyosawa: Introduction of Ultra Flat Strain Wave Gearing,JSME,No04-17,pp76-79 (2004) [5] M.Hashimoto, I.Godler: Built-in High Accuracy Torque Sending For Harmonic Drive Gears, JRSJ, vol15-5, pp802-806(1997) [6] S.Yanabe: Torsional stiffness of Harmonic Drive Reducers, JSME,vol55-509,pp216-221 (1989) [7] T.Oguri: Backlash compensation of reduction gears by twin moter cooperative control 602 JSME 145-146(2006) [8] K.Nagamura,T.Koumori: Driving Performance of High Reduction Planetary Gear Drive with Arc Tooth Profile and Pin, 123 JSME 103-106 No.07-15(2007) [9] K.Gotouda: Experimental Analysis about the Influence of Alignment Error on Transmission Error of Planetary Gears; JSME vol4,37-38(2008) [10] N.Ito,H.Hasegawa: Robust Optimization of the Gait for a Biped Robot on External Factors, JSME,No08-35 (2008) ,47-52 [11] C.Sabourin,O.Bruneau: Robustness
Online since: October 2025
Authors: Nicholas Malatji, Lehlogonolo Rudolf Kanyane, Mxolisi Brendon Shongwe
The rate of mass change was also low and showed significant reduction when the exposure time was increased.
Hot Corrosion Data of AlCrFeCuNi HEA Exposure time (h) Before (g) After (g) Mass change (mg) Mass change (%) Mass change rate (mg/h) 24 0.3477 0.3476 -0.1 -0.029 -0.0042 168 1.3784 1.3785 0.1 0.007 0.0006 720 0.3459 0.3458 -0.1 -0.029 -0.0006 These results indicate that the volume of FCC phase increases when the exposure time was rising.
Hot Corrosion Data of AlCrFeNiCu Doped with 3 wt.% Nb Exposure time (h) Before (g) After (g) Mass change (mg) Mass change (%) Mass change rate (mg/h) 24 0.2531 0.2531 0 0 0 168 0.5621 0.5619 -0.2 -0.036 -0.0042 720 0.5043 0.5056 1.3 0.257 0.0077 Fig. 2.
The reduction in flow stress and elongation were like the one observed in commercial Ni-based superalloys.
Reduction in compressive yield and maximum stress was observed for the alloy tested at 650oC as compared to the one carried out in ambient temperature.
Hot Corrosion Data of AlCrFeCuNi HEA Exposure time (h) Before (g) After (g) Mass change (mg) Mass change (%) Mass change rate (mg/h) 24 0.3477 0.3476 -0.1 -0.029 -0.0042 168 1.3784 1.3785 0.1 0.007 0.0006 720 0.3459 0.3458 -0.1 -0.029 -0.0006 These results indicate that the volume of FCC phase increases when the exposure time was rising.
Hot Corrosion Data of AlCrFeNiCu Doped with 3 wt.% Nb Exposure time (h) Before (g) After (g) Mass change (mg) Mass change (%) Mass change rate (mg/h) 24 0.2531 0.2531 0 0 0 168 0.5621 0.5619 -0.2 -0.036 -0.0042 720 0.5043 0.5056 1.3 0.257 0.0077 Fig. 2.
The reduction in flow stress and elongation were like the one observed in commercial Ni-based superalloys.
Reduction in compressive yield and maximum stress was observed for the alloy tested at 650oC as compared to the one carried out in ambient temperature.
Online since: January 2014
Authors: Rahma Bessah, El Hadi Benyoussef
In fact the reductions of water and energy consumptions are key elements in a process development for their economical and environmental impacts [2-4].
For the reduction of energy consumption in the extraction process, some authors propose the use of microwaves or ultrasound [5-8] or by determining of the optimum amount of steam required for distillation [9].
The quantitative data were obtained from electronic integration area percents without the use of correction factors.
Data and calculation results are summarized in Table 2.
Abdel Samed: Combined process integration and fuel switching strategy for emissions reduction in chemical process plants, Energy, (2009), 34: 190-195
For the reduction of energy consumption in the extraction process, some authors propose the use of microwaves or ultrasound [5-8] or by determining of the optimum amount of steam required for distillation [9].
The quantitative data were obtained from electronic integration area percents without the use of correction factors.
Data and calculation results are summarized in Table 2.
Abdel Samed: Combined process integration and fuel switching strategy for emissions reduction in chemical process plants, Energy, (2009), 34: 190-195
Online since: November 2012
Authors: Jiao Yang Chen, Cheng Lin, Wen Wei Wang, Wan Ke Cao
(a) (b) (c) Fig. 2 Structure of new dual-motor
independent driving system
Fig. 1 Independent driving system configuration of EV
In the configuration as shown in Fig. 1(a), the motor and the reduction can be mounted on the automobile frame or body, and then drive the wheels by shaft.
But the motor and the reduction are all the non-sprung mass, which has adverse impact to vehicle dynamic performance.
Parameters of driving system Component Item Parameter Single Motor Power (Rated/Maximum) 15/30 kW Torque(Rated/Maximum) 60/130 Nm Speed/(Rated/Maximum) 2550/7500 rpm Reducer Reduction ratio 7.013 Transmission efficiency 0.93 Battery Lithium-ion battery 288V/90AH CAN-based distributed control Technology of the Dual-motor Independent Driving system One of the key technologies of independent driving system is to solve the real-time and reliability problems of the distributed control system [3].
The communication protocol of the CAN network Node name Message name Refresh rate/ms Data Definition Vehicle control unit(VCU) VCUC0 10 Cooperative Control VCUC1 50 control and manage Left motor controller(LMC) MCL1 10 Left motor state MCL2 50 Left motor state Right motor controller(RMC) MCR1 10 Right motor state MCR2 50 Right motor state Battery management system(BMS) BMS1 50 Battery state BMS2 100 Battery state Scheduling policy optimization and real-time analysis of CAN system.
For information in the CAN system, the real-time judgment formula using RM algorithm is (1) Where, is the maximum response time of message , and is the deadline of the message , and is the software processing jitter time of the message , and is the maximum waiting time, and is the online transmission time, and is the maximum blocking time, and is error handling time, and is the data length of message , and is online transmission time of bit .
But the motor and the reduction are all the non-sprung mass, which has adverse impact to vehicle dynamic performance.
Parameters of driving system Component Item Parameter Single Motor Power (Rated/Maximum) 15/30 kW Torque(Rated/Maximum) 60/130 Nm Speed/(Rated/Maximum) 2550/7500 rpm Reducer Reduction ratio 7.013 Transmission efficiency 0.93 Battery Lithium-ion battery 288V/90AH CAN-based distributed control Technology of the Dual-motor Independent Driving system One of the key technologies of independent driving system is to solve the real-time and reliability problems of the distributed control system [3].
The communication protocol of the CAN network Node name Message name Refresh rate/ms Data Definition Vehicle control unit(VCU) VCUC0 10 Cooperative Control VCUC1 50 control and manage Left motor controller(LMC) MCL1 10 Left motor state MCL2 50 Left motor state Right motor controller(RMC) MCR1 10 Right motor state MCR2 50 Right motor state Battery management system(BMS) BMS1 50 Battery state BMS2 100 Battery state Scheduling policy optimization and real-time analysis of CAN system.
For information in the CAN system, the real-time judgment formula using RM algorithm is (1) Where, is the maximum response time of message , and is the deadline of the message , and is the software processing jitter time of the message , and is the maximum waiting time, and is the online transmission time, and is the maximum blocking time, and is error handling time, and is the data length of message , and is online transmission time of bit .
Online since: August 2019
Authors: Lucia Rozumová
The measured data apparently show that the adsorbed layer is formed with increasing pressure.
The kinetics of metal ions reduction using BOF sludge under different initial pH values revealed that all metal ions reduction is improved at high pH values.
Pseudo-first order model Pseudo-second order model Constant k1 qteor qexp R2 k2 qteor qexp R2 Units [min] [mg.g-1] [mg.g-1] [--] [min] [mg.g-1] [mg.g-1] [--] Ni 2,00 1,18 3,96 0,514 4,20 4,03 3,96 0,999 Mn 1,70 1,02 1,72 0,962 4,30 1,78 1,72 0,998 Co 2,40 5,85 7,95 0,986 1,00 8,32 7,95 0,998 The analysis of experimental data of adsorption process showed that according to the correlation coefficient of Ni(II) and Mn(II), the Langmuir model appears to be suitable for describing the adsorption process.
[8] EN 12457-4:2002 Characterization of Waste-Leaching-Compliance Test for Leaching of Granular Waste Materials and Sludges-Part 4: One Stage Batch Test at a Liquid to Solid Ratio of 10 l/kg for Materials with Particle Size below 10 mm (without or with Size Reduction), BSI, (2002)
The kinetics of metal ions reduction using BOF sludge under different initial pH values revealed that all metal ions reduction is improved at high pH values.
Pseudo-first order model Pseudo-second order model Constant k1 qteor qexp R2 k2 qteor qexp R2 Units [min] [mg.g-1] [mg.g-1] [--] [min] [mg.g-1] [mg.g-1] [--] Ni 2,00 1,18 3,96 0,514 4,20 4,03 3,96 0,999 Mn 1,70 1,02 1,72 0,962 4,30 1,78 1,72 0,998 Co 2,40 5,85 7,95 0,986 1,00 8,32 7,95 0,998 The analysis of experimental data of adsorption process showed that according to the correlation coefficient of Ni(II) and Mn(II), the Langmuir model appears to be suitable for describing the adsorption process.
[8] EN 12457-4:2002 Characterization of Waste-Leaching-Compliance Test for Leaching of Granular Waste Materials and Sludges-Part 4: One Stage Batch Test at a Liquid to Solid Ratio of 10 l/kg for Materials with Particle Size below 10 mm (without or with Size Reduction), BSI, (2002)
Online since: July 2020
Authors: Malik Anjelh Baqiya, Fahmi Astuti, Retno Asih, Darminto Darminto, Niken Sylvia Puspitasari, Deril Ristiani
Both are prepared from coconut shells by thermal reduction method and doping process employing wet mixing.
Experimental rGO was prepared from coconut shell charcoal powder using thermal reduction method.
However, in the insertion process of Na into rGO might not form a new phase as reflected by the XRD data (Fig.1).
This phenomenon might be supported by XRD data, which shows the broad feature of the peak indicating a smaller grain size.
Abbasi, Synthesis route of reduced graphene oxide via thermal reduction of chemically exfoliated graphene oxide, Materials Chemistry and Physics. 204 (2018) 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.10.020
Experimental rGO was prepared from coconut shell charcoal powder using thermal reduction method.
However, in the insertion process of Na into rGO might not form a new phase as reflected by the XRD data (Fig.1).
This phenomenon might be supported by XRD data, which shows the broad feature of the peak indicating a smaller grain size.
Abbasi, Synthesis route of reduced graphene oxide via thermal reduction of chemically exfoliated graphene oxide, Materials Chemistry and Physics. 204 (2018) 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.10.020