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The physical chemistry and electrochemical performances of Li0.99Nb0.01FePO4/C were investigated by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscope (TEM).
The crystal structure analysis was carried out by XRD patterns obtained on a Bruker D8 Advance instrument with Cu Kα radiation.
There are no obvious impurity diffraction peaks in the composites and this suggests that coating and a small amount of doping do not alter the crystal structure of the LiFePO4.
On the one hand, a small amount of Nb5+ doping resulted in defects in the crystal structure by forming ion vacancy, which helps to deintercalation of lithium ion to improve the electronic conductivity.
XRD and TEM results show that the composite materials form a relatively complete lattice structure of spherical olivine which was uniform and fine particles.

However, it still needs much work to do to effectively control porous structure in hydrogels.
In addition, SEM analysis revealed that all PNIPAm hydrogels displayed interconnected porous structures.
Pojman (2000) Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 38(7): 1129-1135 [6] S.
Hu (2006) Chemistry of Materials 18(8): 2159-2163 [7] G.
Monticelli et al., (2009) Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 47(5): 1422-1428 [8] Q.

On the other hand, the signal of H protons upon branched-chain of T304 was disappeared, which confirmed the formation of complex, and Fig. 3 (c) shows a possible molecular structure of the complex.
The Specific location, spatial structure and molecular lattice of β-CD were changed, too.
Introduction and General Over View of Cyclodextrin Chemistry[J].
Lubricant Additives: Chemistry and Applications[M].
Chemistry and Technology of Lubricants[M].

It is seen that spectrum 2 obtained from the surface after the laser exposure has a fine structure A and B.
In the spectrum 1 the fine structure is less expressed, which is likely due to the fact that this spectrum is the sum of the spectra of various oxides of FeO and Fe2O3.
Yaresko, Improving of Operating Characteristic of Carbide Tools in the Laser Treatmen, Physics and Chemistry of Materials Treatment. 5 (2003) 18-22
Nefedov, X-Ray Spectroscopy of Chemical Combinations, Chemistry, Мoscow, 1984
Yaresko, Physics and Chemistry of Processed Materials. 3 (2010) 67-73

For purposes of developing a novel self-healing chemistry for polymer composites, melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin-walled microcapsules containing styrene were prepared by in-situ polymerization in an oil-in-water emulsion.
Chemical structure of the microcapsules was identified by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1H NMR), respectively.
The infrared spectrometer (Nexus 670) and proton magnetic resonance spectrometry (VARIAN 300) were used to identify chemical structure of the microcapsules.
In fact the rough porous structure on the capsules surface is an agglomeration of MF nanoparticles, which increases surface areas of the microcapsules and might enhance surface adhesion in the future application.
Additionally, a core-shell structure rather than solid particle or porous structure can be confirmed according to Fig. 3(b).

Structure optimization uses atomic degree of freedom parameters without changing the crystal lattice structure to determine the transition and movement of atoms in the crystal system.
In the ion structure optimization process, the Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (BFGS) method was used.
Furthermore, Band Gap Calculation was performed by mapping the band structure using 184 band and 2PI/A parameters.
XRD diffractogram analysis showed the formation of Cu2O and CuO phases with cubic crystal structure.
Besides that, Band energies reaching 2.35 eV also indicate the possibility of CO2 radical formation, which can cut the lignin polymer structure into more superficial aromatic structures [30, 31].

The FTIR analyses showed the presence of hydroxyl, carbonyl and epoxy groups on the GOs sample surfaces whereas the surface chemistry of GO-1 and GO-3 was found to be almost the same.
The precursor for GOs was pure graphite with laminated structure.
Oxidation treatment led to the transformation of graphite crystalline structure to a new one with higher interplanar distance (much open structure) which is evidenced from shifting of the most intensive band of (002) crystal face from 26.5° 2θ to about 10° 2θ for GOs (Fig. 1).
The band of (002) plane disappeared due to the fracture of GO structure and started to grow up again after 250 °C due to renovation of graphite structure but very low intensity of the peak demonstrates high level of irregular sparing of graphite sheets and probably great damage of them.
Layered structures forming veils being partially transparent for secondary electrons were observed at all three sample surfaces.

Physical Chemistry Research. 7, 4 (2019) 799-812
Physical Chemistry Research. 8, 1 (2020) 1-18
Moroccan Journal of Chemistry. 8, 2 (2020) 497-509
Materials Today Chemistry. 20 (2021) 100438
Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 450 (2022) 214237

Group-IV semiconductors, including alloys incorporating Sn, have been grown on dimensionally dissimilar Si substrates using novel molecular hydride chemistries with tunable reactivities that enable low temperature, CMOS compatible integration via engineering of the interface microstructure.
Doping at levels higher than 10 19 cm-3 (both p and ntype) is achieved for all the above semiconductor systems using a similar precursor chemistry approach.
The GeSi system closely follows the so-called virtual crystal approximation, which predicts a very smoothly evolving electronic structure from pure Si to pure Ge.
Moreover, strain and band structure cannot be decoupled, since they are controlled by a single compositional parameter.
This approach can be also applied for the fabrication of multilayer device structures fully compatible CMOS processing protocols using silicon as a universal platform [11].

The chemical structure was analysed by Bruker alpha FTIR spectrometer in the range of 800 cm-1 to 3800 cm-1.
This relation is widely used for qualitative assessment of transformations in carbon structure especially amorphous carbon.
The amorphous carbon core with disordered structure is confirmed by Raman spectroscopy.
Lee, Carbon nanodots- synthesis, properties and applications, Journal of Material Chemistry, 22, 24230 – 24253.(2012) [2] N.
Pramanik, Carbon quantum dots from natural resource: A review, Materials Today Chemistry, 8 , 96-109.(2018) [20] A.C.