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When a dopant migrate to the surface, the consequent reduction on the surface energy can be predicted by Gibbs [[] Y.
Usually, the XPS technique (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) is indicate, but it is very expensive and the data is difficult to treat, once the mathematic model to work with heterogeneous composition from surface to bulk is not well adapted yet.
Castro and G.J., Pereira: Cerâmica Vol. 55 (2009), p. 393. ] using XRF (X-ray fluorescence), and the relationship between the quantification data and morphology will be demonstrated in this article.
Probably, this procedure made possible the diffusion of Mg2+ remained into inner dispersion to the surface, since the FRX analysis made after the new thermal treatment always showed a reduction in MgO content, characterizing a redistribution of additive between bulk and surface, with a continuous removing MgO from surface.

Introduction Based on estimates of the reduction of energy sources, it is of great importance to develop more efficient processes and/or equipment in terms of energy.
The energy efficiency of thermal systems has been one of the main topics of discussion on the preservation of natural resources and the reduction of costs of the processes involved in these systems.
The test rig (Fig. 2a) consisted of a data logger Agilent 34972A LXI, a flowmeter, a heat sink, a computer, three power supplies and a heat pipe heat exchanger (Fig. 2b) composed by five heat pipes with outer diameter of 12.7 mm, length of 500 mm (Fig. 3a).
The uncertainties of the measurements, considering the uncertainties of the data logger, was estimated for the temperature as ± 1.8 ºC and for the heat load as ± 0.28 W.

However, ceria based electrolytes suffer from the partial reduction of Ce4+ to Ce3+ when exposed to low oxygen partial pressures, and this chemical reaction will cause a volume expansion of the lattice which can result mechanical failure of the electrolyte.
However, infiltration method reported in other papers is very complex always including a reduction treatment of NiO and a long-time immersion treatment to remove the nickel phase.
The ionic conductivities of LSGM and LSGM-carbonate at the temperatures from 450 oC to 650 oC are given in Fig. 4, which were obtained by fitting the impedance data.
There is no data point for the LSGM electrolyte below 550 oC, because the test system with LSGM electrolyte acted like an open circuit at the temperature lower than that.

Removal Efficiency of TP from the 5-layer Bench Scale Model Different trend-line functions have been fit to the five layers of the removal data, and their R2-values are tabulated in Table 3.
The linearization of this project’s equilibrium data compares very favorably with their findings, and determined the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms to be y = 0.5568x + 50.618 and y = 0.7605x - 1.4949, respectively.
Conclusions The overall objective of this research project was to develop a cost-effective, efficient, and affordable on-site Total Phosphorus (TP) removal unit, that would contribute to the Ontario Ministry of the Environment phosphorus reduction strategy compliance limit of 0.30 mgP/L.
Based on the septic tank effluent range of 6 to 20 mgP/L, this theoretical removal would present a maximum concentration of 2.4 mgP/L, and would contribute greatly to the Ontario Ministry of the Environment phosphorus reduction strategy.

Data was showed as mean ± standard derivation (SD).
SPSS 11.0 software (SPSS Inc., USA) was used to analyze the data of animal tests in groups by one-way AVOVA.
The sequence of concentration of 50% reduction of DPPH radical was S-3 (0.1 mg/ml) > S-4 (0.5 mg/ml) > S-1 (6 mg/ml).
The concentration of 50% reduction of ABTS radical was sequenced as follows: S-3 (0.2 mg/ml) >S-4 (0.4 mg/ml) >S-1 (6 mg/ml) like the results of DPPH.

This reduction is beneficial in the further reduction of total load that must be supported by the foundation.
The result of Fly Ash testing No Chemical composition Persentage % ASTM Standard 1 SiO2 86.09 SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 min. 50% 2 FeO3 1.64 3 Al2O3 5.97 4 CaO 2.31 5 MgO 0.45 6 Loss of Ignition 2,16 The data in Table 2 show that the content of (SiO2 + Fe2O3 + Al2O3) is 93.60%, while the minimum standard of (SiO2 + Fe2O3 + Al2O3) for Fly ash class C is 50%, and the standard of (SiO2 + Fe2O3 + Al2O3) for Fly ash class F is 70%.
Thus, from the data in table 3, it can be concluded that at the age of 14 days, the compressive strength of normal concrete reaches the percentage of 95 %, while that of high volume fly ash concrete reaches the percentage of 73%.

Model experiments showed that decreasing of concentrations of organic impurities occurred mainly at the first two stages of treatment together with reduction of optical density and fluorescence intensity of water samples in UV-Vis region [1, 4].
This data showed that most part of toxic impurities was removed during stages 1 and 2 and organic compounds remaining in water after treatment were in general less harmful.
For further reduction of impurities concentration in treated water application of water hyacinth (or other aquatic macrophytes) was suggested.
URL: http://docs.cntd.ru/document/8356272 (data of reading 10.10.2014) (rus)

This result is also clearly evidenced by comparing the structural data as shown in Fig. 1 that the intensity of Si-O-C bond increased.
We believe this variation of mechanical data may be attributed to the different precursor used to prepare the SiOC(-H) films.
Comparing the structural and electrical behavior as shown in Figs. 2 and 5 it is evident that enhancement of cage-link mode due to rearrangement of bonding within SiOC(-H) film resulting in a reduction of dielectric constant.
The results indicated that the abundant incorporation of carbon atoms into the SiOC(-H) film causes the reduction in the dielectric constant of the film.

Introduction In recent years, more and more automotive diesel engines are installed SCR (selective catalytic reduction) system to meet the regulatory requirements of Euro IV for automotive emissions.
Equation 5 reveals that NH3 begins the reduction reaction with NOx.
ESC test of diesel engine Diesel engine system is composed of diesel, dynamometer, fuel consumption meter, temperature control system, control cabinet, data acquisition system, online computer etc.
Table 1: ESC test to the diesel engine with SCR system Num. speed（r/min） Load proportion(%) Load（N.m） Weighting coefficient Time (min) 1 Idle/700 -- -- 0.15 4 2 A4/1340 100 1406 0.08 2 3 B2/1665 50 687.5 0.1 2 4 B3/1665 75 1031.3 0.1 2 5 A2/1340 50 703 0.05 2 6 A3/1340 75 1054.5 0.05 2 7 A1/1340 25 351.5 0.05 2 8 B4/1665 100 1375 0.09 2 9 B1/1665 25 343.8 0.1 2 10 C4/1989 100 1185 0.08 2 11 C1/1989 25 296.3 0.05 2 12 C3/1989 75 888.8 0.05 2 13 C2/1989 50 592.5 0.05 2 Processing and analysis of the test data The NOx emissions at the outlet end of catalytic converter are measured.

In addition, the average HTS index and the liquid penetrant results (Fig. 2) show that the SSF route offers further significant reduction of the hot tearing sensitivity over the conventional (liquid) die casting.
The improved castability due to the lowering of the hot tearing susceptibility made it attractive especially in the semi-solid forming applications. 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 AA6061 standard Alloy 2 Alloy 3 Hot Tearing Sensitivity Index Liquid SSF Further significant reduction of the hot tearing sensitivity in SSF Fig. 2.
Nevertheless, according to a simple power law regression on experimental data, the fatigue properties of AA6061-T6 semi-solid material are comparable to those of the standard AA6061 wrought material.
[7] ASM International, Fatigue Data Book: Light Structural Alloys, (1995)