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Chemistry and mechanical property data from 13 commercially available titanium alloys, ranging in alloying content from CP grade 2 to Ti-5-5-5-3, were used for an ANOVA analysis.
This is significantly lower than Ti-6-4 forming temperatures, typically 1650°F (899°C) or higher, and can offer significant process cost reductions including improved die life, lower energy usage, and reduced alpha case formation [14,15].
This combination of properties can lead to products that offer weight avoidance by enabling 34 MPa (5,000 psi) applications with tubing sizes similar to Ti-3Al-2.5V in 21 MPa (3,000 psi) systems or weight reduction by retrofitting legacy 21 MPa systems with a thinner walled tube compared to existing Ti-3Al-2.5V tubing [16].
The lower flow stress and improved ductility enable a number of hot working process improvements including larger parts or multiple part forging in tonnage limited applications, better die fill with less cracking in complex forgings, reduced machining envelopes from nearer net shape forgings, reduced number of process steps by taking larger reductions, and improved die life at lower temperatures and/or stresses.
To demonstrate the temperature capability and potential for larger reductions per pass, upset forgings of both ATI 425® Alloy and Ti-6-4 were performed at 704°C (1300°F).

However, there is not any noticeable reduction in strength properties, which is characteristic of steel having the same structure.
Mechanical and magnetic properties of materials Material σ0.2, MPa σ, MPa δ, % ψ, % σ0.2/σ Нс, А/sm Br, T mmax Мmax, T WAZ 340 450 15 44 0.76 4.37 1.28 1430 2.13 Weld seam 375 480 11 51 0.78 5.95 1.00 824 2.23 It is important to note that the index of the ratio σ0.2/σВ, whose growth characterizes a reduction in the ductility of metal, for the weld material is lower than for the base metal and WAZ.
Such stirring of the melt contributes to leveling its heat content and provides setting the required quantity of the melted metal under the arc by the time of starting the current pulse action thus contributing to the reduction in the weld penetration depth.
If combined these changes provide a reduction in post-welding deformations and an increase in the toughness of welded joints.
It has been found that the analysis of field dependencies of differential magnetic permeability allows receiving data on the condition of separate components of the welded joint.

Although the main drawback associated with the use of ionic liquids is a reduction in the speed of the response as compared to water [8,9].
The ionic mobility inside the IPMC was improved by the activation of mobile Li+ ions via the reduction/oxidation of PPy.
The sample was attached at one end to the load cell (CETR-UMT, 10 g, USA), which collected blocking force data.
When IPMC was in the electric field, the redox reaction of PPy chain happens: PPy+ ∙ BS- + Li+ + e-→ PPy ∙ BS- ∙ Li+ : reduction of PPy (2) PPy ∙ BS- ∙ Li+ → PPy+ ∙ BS- + Li++ e- : oxidation of PPy (3) Under applied voltages, the reduction of PPy happens at the cathodic interface of IPMC, and Li+ ions injected on PPy chains; the oxidation of PPy happens at the anodic interface of IPMC, and Li+ ions ejected on PPy chains, as given in Eqs. (2) and (3), respectively.[14] The migration of ions in/out of the PPy chains caused by the redox reaction is the same with the migration caused by electric field in IPMC.

The tensile data for the base material was taken from the literature [23].
The results of the image analyses performed on the optical micrographs (Fig.4) showed a significant reduction both of the particle average area (about 50%) and particle shape factor (from 2.1 to 1.9), due to the abrasive action of the FSW tool.
The hardness (Fig. 9) decreased from the base material (80 HV0.02 ) to the centreline of the FSW zone (50 HV0.02), with a reduction of about 37%, despite the matrix grain refinement experienced in this zone.
As a consequence, a change from the Ashby to the Orowan mechanisms of plastic deformation occurs [25], leading to a reduction of the proof strength and an increase of the elongation to failure.
The superior reduction in the elongation to failure of the LFW joints was related to the strong fibrosity, perpendicular to the applied load, induced by the process.

Therefore, for the reduction of the variation of the characteristics, reduction of not only the fluctuation of device parameter but also the sensitivity coefficient will be effective.
In this paper, they were estimated from data in the literature or by analytical methods.
With a further reduction in Wfin to below 16 nm, DIBL and sub-threshold swing decreased rapidly and exhibited values smaller than those of the planar MOSFET.
This is because aVth_Wfin decreases by 1/3 for the Wfin reduction so that 3σVth_Wfin decreases.

Introduction The automotive industry is now mainly driven by the safety and environment regulations, specifically the need for a drastic reduction of gas emission (for instance, a maximum CO2 emission of 140 g/km in 2008).
The necessity for weight reduction implies an increase of the material strength used for structural automotive applications.
First calculations indicate that the use of a 301L grade instead of a high resistance carbon steel leads to a weight reduction of 25% for a suspension bar.
New weight reduction would be needed, but also new metal uses as, for instance, in the fuel cells : such material will have to resist in a corrosive surrounding, possibly with high temperature (at least for some technologies) – new challenges for stainless steels, alone or associated with other materials.
Acknowledgements The author would like to thank P.O.Santacreu, F.Chassagne and O.Bouaziz (USINOR R&D) for fruitful discussions and for the permission to use some of their data and experimental results.

Slabs with initial dimension of 1000 x 300 x 45 mm and temperature of 500 °C were rolled 5 passes with a thickness reduction of 20 % per pass.
In this campaign one rolling pass was applied on a coil of strip 2 mm thick and 70 mm wide, but three different reductions were applied per coil (15 %, 22.5 % and 30 %).
As other process conditions (as tensions and reduction) are equal, this must be related to higher friction during rolling.
Other critical parameters, such as strip cleanliness, work roll wear and strip surface topography can be determined and compared with data obtained with O/W-emulsions.
Story, Flexible lubrication trial on Double Cold Reduction mill no. 11 of Tata Steel, 12th International Rolling Conference, Trieste 2022.

The increasing carbon balance with the copper load highlights the reduction in the quantity of carbon adsorbed over the catalysts.
After test, the decreasing intensity for the 1Cu10Ce compared to that before test, reveals the reduction of the dispersed copper (II) species.
This shows that the ZnO is not reduced during test and the high activity of the 5Zn10Ce could be related to the reduction of the Ce4+ species.
This confirms that during the test the agglomerated copper tend to reduces into Cu0 so the dipolar interaction decreases and the bulk CuO became more visible as it was also shown in the EPR data.
Referring to Liu et al [6], the formation of a solid solution Ce1-xCuxO2-x can lead to highly dispersed Cu metal particles after reduction during the test.

Employed in this process methodology utilizes the following means of deformation: area reduction, torsion, bending, and burnishing due to limited metal flow (dies are very close to each other).
Tests were conducted in the following general sequence: i) preliminary studies - to assess the initial material and to design the deformation schedules of the combined SPD processing, ii) microstructural analysis (TEM, optical, SEM, EBSD) and study of the mechanical properties, iii) data extraction for the construction of constitutive models of deformation and strengthening.
However, it was already proved that in the case of UFG microalloyed steels, the problem of grain growth and resulting loss of the unique properties of these materials is effectively avoided owing to a reduction in the grain boundary energy.
It is very interesting to notice that the ductility, represented here by the elongation (EL) and reduction of area (RA), almost saturate above ε = 1.8 i.e. in the last passes of WD (see Fig. 2).
The ductility, represented here by the elongation (EL) and reduction of area (RA), almost saturate above ε = 1.8 i.e. in the last passes of WD.

Consequently, the deposition method in the “unlimited” layer does not allow to obtain objective data on the time of formation of the membrane and the morphology of its porous structure.
This leads to an increased concentration of the solvent at the boundary between the polymer solution and the precipitant (reduction in the hardness of the precipitant) and the blurred profiles of the precipitant concentration in the bulk of the polymer solution.
Approximately twofold increase of dynamic viscosity with the increase in the chain in the homologous series for each subsequent alcohol leads to the reduction of the rate of precipitation of PAA in NMP solution in each of the alcohols.
Conclusion A new method with the “limited” layer of polymer solution was used to study the kinetics of precipitation of highly concentrated solutions of PAA with various precipitants; it allows express estimation of the rate of formation of the polymer membrane, adequate evaluation of its morphology without conducting the actual casting and reduction of the experimental time required to prepare a membrane with the desired porous structure.
Approximately twofold increase of dynamic viscosity with the increase in the chain in the homologous series for each subsequent alcohol leads to the reduction of the rate of precipitation of PAA in NMP solution in each of the alcohols.