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Therefore passivation of bulk defects has to be performed to reach higher efficiencies and exploit the cost reduction potential of these materials.
Both of them (and their combination) is thought to result in a significant cost reduction of Watt-Peak costs in PV.
This finding is somewhat astonishing as the time and temperature for the MIRHP treatment should allow for atomic hydrogen to diffuse through the complete wafer, assuming a free diffusion and extrapolating data published by van Wieringen and Warmoltz [13].
On the other hand it was shown that diffusion constants in c-Si can differ from the data of [13] especially at lower temperatures.

The influence of furnace vacuum, slag basicity and liquid steel temperature on the reduction of CaO in slag by carbon was discussed.
Then, we calculated the equilibrium between liquid steel and CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-MnO-FeO multivariate system by taking advantage of the reduction reaction (CaO)+[C]=[Ca]+CO.
The published activity data of the two oxides in the system from the literature shows that calcium aluminate inclusions can be easily generated because of the strong associativity.
Fig. 4 Transformation of calcium aluminate inclusions in liquid steel[9] a b Fig. 5 Some related data about calcium aluminate inclusions in liquid steel from phase diagram Fig.5 (a) shows that mass fraction of dissolved [Ca] in liquid steel influenced by thermodynamic activity of CaO in slags.

Furthermore, research concerning the improvement in fuel efficiency through additional weight reduction using tailor-welded blanks (TWBs) and partial quenching (PQ) has gained popularity in the automobile industry in recent times.
To improve collision characteristics of the center pillar, various materials and new design techniques have been considered to enhance safety and optimize weight reduction.
Damage-Initiation Criteria and Damage Evolution In the present study, FLD(Forming Limit Diagram) for DP590 and 22MnB5 (HPF), which were obtained earlier, were applied to obtain accurate data concerning fracture mechanism [13–14].
In the proposed study, forming-limit curve data obtained via testing was applied to the simulation, and the simulation was performed to predict the onset of necking instability in the sheet metal using the FLD curve in ABAQUS/explicit.

Nonlinear independent component analysis (NICA) is a powerful method for analyzing nonlinear and nongaussian data.
The data was measured for 24.3 seconds, low pass-filtered analog to 1 KHz and digitized at 3200 Hz as over sampled.
This gives a data length of 24.3*3200 = 77824.
Fig. 3 Experimental setup The data from every class (normal and gear fault) was divided into 64 data segments, each segment of length 1216 samples.
The first 32 data segments from each class were selected to build up the training set which was used to batch train a MLP, a RBFN and a SOM classifier respectively, and the last 32 data segments to test these classifiers.

A mining safety detection model is designed by using electromagnetic induction heating principle for monitoring the load and the air temperature data.
Moreover, electromagnetic induction heaters have several advantages and features: energy saving, environmental protection, long life and significant reduction of ambient temperature [8].
The load temperature and air temperature and other data will be detected and feedback to the central processing unit for processing.

However, there has been an accumulation of experimental data attesting that the mechanism of total water oxidation is more complex.
Therefore, reduction of the band gap of TiO2 from 3 eV (for rutile) always must lead to enhanced performance.
However, the contribution of the impact of the band gap reduction and other KPPs on the conversion depends on the factors mentioned above.
Since TiO2 exhibits an outstanding corrosion and photocorrosion in water, the TiO2-based systems are the best candidates for generation of the empirical data that could be used in derivation of reliable theoretical models.
Accordingly, the studies on processing the TiO2-based systems for solar energy conversion aim at reduction of the band gap from the level of 3 eV (rutile) to a lower value.

The IF steel was deformed at 500 oC by 7-cycle ARB (a total thickness reduction of 99.2 %, corresponding to an equivalent strain of 5.6), while the 2N-Al and 4N-Al were deformed at room temperature by 6-cycle ARB (a total thickness reduction of 98.4 %, corresponding to an equivalent strain of 4.8).
A large fraction (51.8 %) of high-angle boundaries (with misorientation angles > 15 o ) are present in the specimen, as determined from the TEM data.
It was expected that such a treatment should improve the ductility without a large reduction in strength.
Note that the data here for IF steel are for 6-cycle ARB samples.
As for IF steel and 2N-Al, a small post-annealing additional rolling reduction led to a decrease in strength and an increase in ductility for 4N-Al .

Antioxidant activity is measured by calculating the reduction in DPPH purple light intensity which is equivalent to the reduction in DPPH concentration.
Based on these data, it can be said that the antioxidant activity value of bamboo leaf extracts is also influenced by the origin of the bamboo tree used.
Research conducted by Mongkolsilp et al on five Thai medicinal plants revealed that the higher the total phenolic content, the higher the DPPH free radical reduction activity.
This data is following several research reports which reveal that some flavonoids have been found to have anti-inflammatory activity, antiplatelet, and antidiabetic.
Free radical reduction test results (DPPH) obtained IC50 of 45 μg / mL and this shows an IC50 value greater than vitamin C (9.54 μg / mL).

Therefore, the precipitate chemistry is considered useful in providing information about the precipitation or dissolution behavior during annealing in the ferrite region, to help in the interpretation of internal friction data.
This explanation was supported by STEM data [5] which showed higher Ti/V ratios for precipitates in the annealed steels as compared to Ti/V ratios for those in the as-received hot rolled steels.
The reduction in Snoek peak height observed with extended annealing time (beyond 60 seconds) is believed likely to result from diffusion of solute carbon to lower energy sites like 1 hr.
That is, a reduction of Snoek peak height can occur when the rate of solute carbon segregation to lower energy sites is greater than the rate of carbide dissolution.
Mn and P additions to Nb ULC steel resulted in a reduction in the carbon Snoek peak height.

This effect becomes more pronounced with stronger magnetic fields, resulting in greater reductions in voltage.
This effect becomes more pronounced as the magnetic field intensity increases, leading to greater reductions in resistance.
Compared to results for 140 mT, the performance of 150 mT indicates mild reduction as the improvement becomes less pronounced at higher pressures.
All tests were performed at a controlled temperature of 25°C ± 1°C, and data collected during major geomagnetic fluctuations were discarded.
These uncertainty ranges were integrated into the graphical representations and data analysis, confirming that the observed trends and findings are both dependable and statistically sound.