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By applying the modified model in this paper, an analysis on the contributions of the individual factors, i.e. the wheel/worpiece deformation and the grinding depth of cut, on the overall grinding contact length is conducted under a wide range of grinding applications, i.e. from precise/shallow grinding to deep/creep-feed grinding.
Introduction The contact length between a grinding wheel and a workpiece during grinding processes is one of the principal factors that contribute to the quality of the ground workpiece from either thermal or mechanical aspects, since it determines the bottom length of the heat source and interface force distributions and consequently it affects the intensity of the energy flux into the workpiece, the peak temperature and the rate of wear of the grinding wheel [1, 2, 3, 4].
In the third type of the models, such as those introduced by Kumar/Shaw [7], Hideo [8], and Zhang [4], the local wheel-workpiece deformation and the wheel depth of cut were considered as two equally important factors on the overall grinding contact length.
These properties are available from standard material handbooks.
The mechanisms of grinding wheel wear affecting the effective cutting length can be, therefore, summarised as: 1.

Effects of cooling air temperature and cutting velocity on cryogenic machining of 1Cr18Ni9Ti alloy S.M.Yuan1, a, S.Liu1,b and W.D Liu1,c 1School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China ayuansm@buaa.edu.cn, bliusiperfect@126.com, cliuweidong_buaa@163.com Keywords: Minimal Quality Lubrication (MQL), Cryogenic machining, Stainless steel, Cooling air temperature, Cutting velocity, Cutting force, Tool wear Abstract This paper presents experimental investigations on influences of cooling air temperature, as well as cutting velocity, on performance in milling of the 1Cr18Ni9Ti alloy with coated cemented carbide inserts.
This may be explained by the mechanical effect of the MQL system, which consists a mixture of cooling air and oil micro droplets.
The function of the cooling air is to flush away the chips from the cutting zone (flushing effect) and reduce the cutting temperature, which are two very important and correlated factors affecting milling of 1Cr18Ni9Ti [6].
It is well known when machining of 1Cr18Ni9Ti, the temperature is very high because of its unfavorable machining properties as mentioned above.
The surface finish can significantly affect the mechanical strength of components when they are subjected to fatigue cycles.

Grinding temperature affects ground workpiece surface quality and cutting characters of the grinding wheel.
Furthermore it will affect the dimensional accuracy and the form accuracy of the workpiece [1].
Conclusions As the discussion above, some conclusions can be drawn as following: 1) The numerical model for grinding of titanium alloy has been developed depending on the transient thermal analysis and the finite element (FE) analyzing method, some main factors for modeling process, including the three kinds of compound boundary conditions, the variable coefficient of convective heat transfer and the different types of heat sources, has been discussed in details. 2) Based on the analysis of the grinding temperature field model, some simulation results are obtained.
Song: Chinese Mechanical Engineering, Vol.9 (1998) No.4, pp.2
Zhang: The Finite Element Method (Mechanical Industry Publications, China 1992)

Clay-based materials are heterogeneous products which can accommodate different wastes or by-products without modified production processes or affected their properties or final characteristics [4, 5].
Lower values of water suction contributes to having good durability, and, consequently, higher resistance to the natural environment factors.
Again, the incorporation of 3 wt % of SDE barely affects these properties, obtaining values of 20.5 % of water absorption and 33.1 % of apparent porosity.
One of the disadvantages resulting from the use of lightening additives, which increase porosity, is the impairment of the mechanical properties of bricks.
Thus, this work demonstrated that spent diatomite earth waste can advantageous use in lower proportion (3 wt %) as silica precursor in clay basic bricks introducing little changes in the final properties of the bricks, improving the mechanical properties.

Tungsten (W) and Copper-alloy (CuCrZr) have been considered as the potential candidates for armor materials and heat sinking materials, respectively, due to their attractive nuclear and physical properties.
These physical properties make it to be attractive for using as a plasma facing material.
On the other hand, copper-alloy (CuCrZr) has been proposed as promising heat sinking materials due to its high thermal conductivity and good mechanical properties.
Based on the analysis of thermal history mentioned above, the thermally-induced residual stresses and the high brittleness of W make the bonding of W to CuCrZr really challenging and will certainly affect the microstructural and thermo-mechanical integrity of W/CuCrZr PFCs.
The thermo-mechanical analysis was carried out using temperature-dependent material properties provided by the ITER team [8].

The mechanical properties after heat treatment are listed in Table 1.
As can be seen in the table, a marked increase of hardness is observed in both steels, while the increased ratio of hardness in both steels decreases Table 1 Mechanical properties.
This means that the coaxing effect of 316 steel subjected to a prestrain of more than 25% is not affected by strain aging.
Factors of influence.
However, 304 steel showed little strain aging ability (Fig.3 (a)), thus the coaxing effect of this steel was not affected by strain aging.

At present, the studies about LFW mainly focus on the process, microstructure and mechanical properties.
In addition, the researches about the relationship between the texture variation and mechanical properties of LFW joints of Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-3.5Mo-1.5Zr-0.3Si and AISI316L also make a great progress [3,4,5].
On the other hand, as the oscillation frequency increases, test cavity oscillates more quickly, affecting motion of traced point.
The displacement of lead in Y direction is attributed to two factors consisting of moving and flow, but the displacements still reflect the trend of plastic flow of lead.
It makes that bottom lead obstructs above lead more seriously, which affects plastic flow of lead in Y direction.

Working principle of microwave ice-melting pavement Factors affecting the efficiency of melting ice.
The efficiency of microwave melting operation on the road surface is mainly affected by factors such as microwave frequency, heating time, ambient temperature and ice thickness.
Wang Zhenjun [15] studied the effects of carbon fiber content on the mechanical properties, microwave reflectivity and microwave deicing time of asphalt mixture at the micro-surfacing.
Microwave Synthesis Mechanism and Thermoelectric Properties of Mg2Si Based Thermoelectric Materials [D].
Preparation and properties of absorbing asphalt mixture [D].

The crystal plasticity (CP) model is widely used in many applications to link microstructure and mechanical properties.
It is well known that the mechanical properties of metal materials are determined by the microstructure.
Therefore, learning about the quantitative relationship between the microstructure and mechanical properties is very important [2].
While the focused mechanical properties can be various from microscopic level strain partition, macroscopic flow behavior, to fracture and fatigue properties, etc.
This model includes more microstructure information compared with the phenomenological one and it has more parameters affecting different properties of the material, such as grain size and dislocation density.

The basis for surface evaluation is formed by the measured parameters, which, however, provide generally only a partial view of some properties of the surface.
Dependence of surface quality on properties of the rolled material Evaluation of the cold formability of steel is performed by numerous laboratory and technological tests.
(1) Determination of suitable technological parameters Due to the fact that the basic objective consists in achievement of better properties of material (strength, toughness, plasticity, etc.), the knowledge of influence of individual parameters affecting rolling is of crucial importance.
It enables interactive mathematical modelling the process according to arbitrarily selected inputs and required outputs for various types of rolled materials at respecting their specific mechanical properties.
Comparison of mechanical properties of surface layers with use of nanoindentation and microindentation tests.