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Recently, a nano-polycrystalline diamond (NPD) whose grain size is a few tens of nanometers and bonded strongly to each other was developed and commercialized by Sumitomo Electric Industries [1].
The tungsten carbide, whose mean grain size is 0.3μm, and Rockwell hardness is 95.6HRA (Sumitomo Electric Industries, BL100, φ80×φ50×10) is adhered by thermoplastics resin; ADFIX, Nikka Seiko, on the concaved oxygen-free copper.
Cutting conditions and measuring methods Table 1 Outline of experimental equipment Nano-polycrystalline diamond tool Rake angle：0°, -30°， Clearance angle：8°30′ (Sumitomo Electric) Cobalt-free tungsten carbide BL100, φ80×φ50×10(mm) Mean grain size：0.3μm， Hardness：HRA95.6 Young’s modulus：690GPa Thermal conductivity: 126W/(m･K) (Sumitomo Electric) Cutting fluid Zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZnDTP) MoS2 homogeneous distributed fluid Rotary table ABC-50 (Toshiba Machine) Grinding machine UPZ-315Li (Okamoto Machine Tool) Micro V-groove turning of cobalt-free tungsten carbide using MoS2 homogeneously dispersed in a cutting fluid is performed using the equipment as shown in Table 1; the cutting conditions are shown in Table 2.
(a) Rake angle: 0° (b) Rake angle: -30° Fig.9 V-shaped cobalt-free tungsten carbide surface using MoS2 cutting fluid (c) Tungsten (b) Copper (a) SEM photo Fig.10 Analysis of cutting chips in the MoS2-nanotubes dispersed vegetable oil 90mm 90mm 90mm 10mm 10mm Number of grooves 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th･･ ･ 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th ･･ Number of grooves Figure 10 (a) shows SEM photo of chips separated from cutting fluid after cutting experiments.
(c), the brittle small grains, less than 1μm in diameter, are tungsten.

The electromagnetic problem can be treated separately from the fluid flow in the low magnetic Reynolds number approximation.
(3) Where n is the turn number of the electric solenoid per unit height and I is the current intensity in the electric solenoid.
However, as it was shown in Fig.6b, applying A-EMS gave rise to the fine and equiaxed grains.
As shown in Fig.4a and Fig.5a, the shear flow is the main part and a large temperature difference in the slurry leads to the formation of coarse solidification grain structures.
(3) Compared with those obtained by the ordinary electromagnetic stirring, the microstructures obtained by A-EMS are fine with equiaxed grains instead of dendritic and exhibited uniform distribution in the eutectic matrix.

This is due to its hexagonal closed packed (hcp) structure which provides a limited number of independent slip systems.
In addition, milling is one of the most effective methods for mechanically reducing grain size and producing nanocrystalline powders.
X-ray diffraction patterns were recorded with the X`Pert Pro from PANalytical (Netherlands) to obtain information about the number and nature of the phases.
The width of the diffraction peaks was utilized to determine grain (crystallite) size and the amount of microstrain of the magnesium matrix in the mechanically milled nanocomposite powders.
a) b) Fig. 9 – Brightfield TEM micrographs of M10Sn nanocomposite powder: a) survey, showing the distribution of SiC particles within the nanocrystalline Mg matrix: the compositions of the marked grains were verified by EDS (results not shown); the inset shows the accompanying SAD pattern; b) magnified view of SiC particle in Mg matrix showing a well-bonded interface.

The results showed that by being increased the rolling reduction, the equiaxed grains were obviously elongated along the rolling direction.
While the lowest hardness was found at the BM where the effect of welding heat so that recrystallization grain of microstructure was observed.
Vickers Hardness Number (VHN0.1) vs Distance to weld center (mm) Tensile Strength.
SEM images of fracture surfaces of impact tests was dimple fracture and there are a number of porosity as depicted in Fig. 9.
Observation of OM micrograph at the base metal (BM) demonstrated that grain being thin chip of αAl oriented toward the rolling direction can be seen in Fig 10 (b), while that of HAZ demonstrated coarser αAl grain (a) that may be caused by the effect of weld heat resulting in recrystallization or annealing.

There are a great number of manufacturing methods of Cu-C, including the following: - Cu-C as a bulk material: microwave sintering, hot-pressing, spark plasma sintering, cold pressing, hot-isostatic pressing, liquid infiltration and diffusion bonding; and, - Cu-C as layers: microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition and tape casting.
Another, particularly important feature of this method is that electric current-assisted sintering of powder materials does not alter the microstructure of the sintered materials and does not cause grain growth and their agglomeration [16].
When this dose increases, hardness decreases, due to the growing number of pores in the carbon phase.
The copper grains are oblong, and they are arranged perpendicular to the direction of pressure during the sintering process.
Particular copper grains are surrounded by the carbon phase, the thickness of which is increased in line with the amount of graphene in the composite.

The conveyed bulk materials might be quite different, e.g. granulates, grains or pellets, which can contain more or less fine dust.
The conveyed bulk materials might be quite different, e.g. granulates, grains or pellets, which can contain more or less fine dust.
Tab. 1: Technical data of the twin-leg bucket elevator (test-rig) Total height [mm] 15125 Leg size [mm] 270 x 390 Bucket size [mm] 165 x 280 Bucket volume [l] ~ 3 (~ 1.8 kg Corn starch) Bucket spacing [mm] 130 Wall clearance front, side, rear [mm] 60, 55, 45 Conveying velocity [m/s] 3.5 Conveying capacity [t/h] 150 (grain) Alternatively, extinguishers of explosion suppression systems and chemical barriers could be installed instead of the vent areas.
Malt dust explosion in the vented elevator Tab. 2: Explosion characteristics of used dusts Dust Type Pmax [[bar]] KSt [[bar∙m∙s-11] LEL [g/m³] MIE [mJ] MIT [°C] SN* Wheaten flour 6.8 109 60 >10 / ≤ 50 380 0.6 Malt dust (Type 1) 7.4 143 60 > 5 / ≤ 10 370 29.0 Malt dust (Type 2) 8.4 159 60 > 5 / ≤ 10 370 13.2 Corn starch 9.0 203 60 > 4 / ≤ 5 380 10.2 *SN – Dusting number as defined according to VDI 2263-Part 9 [14] 4.
As additional information the dimensionless dusting number SN is included, which characterizes the ability of the dust to create a dust cloud [14].

ρa bulk density of grains 3.742 Mg·m-3 ρrd bulk density of grains after drying in a dryer 3.439 Mg·m-3 ρssd bulk density of grains saturated with water and surface dried 3.520 Mg·m-3 WA24 water absorption 2.34 % Fig. 1 shows the grain size curve of steel slag with a fr. of 0/8 mm, which was obtained by sieving 2,600 g of steel slag through a set of screens with a square mesh size of: 0.063; 0.125; 0.25; 0.5; 1; 1.6; 2; 4; 5.6; 8; 10 and 12.5 mm.
The proportion of fine particles sifted through the 0.063 mm screen is 5.7%; the mean grain diameter is d50=1.3 mm and was determined as the mean grain diameter d50 corresponding to the value of 50% of the siftings weight.
For example, the value of 0 on the X-axis corresponds to a grain size fraction of 0/0.063 mm, representing 5.87% of the weight of the sample; 0.063 corresponds to a grain size fraction of 0.063/0.125 mm, representing 7.83% of the weight of the sample; 0.125 corresponds to a grain size fraction of 0.125/0.25 mm, representing 9.73% of the weight of the sample, etc.
The proportion of grain size of steel slag with a fr. of 8/10 mm is 1.09% of the weight.
According to CSN 73 1322 [28], concrete is frost-resistant for such a number of cycles during which the coefficient of frost resistance does not drop below 75%.

Nowadays, numbers of land resources are occupied to dispose soda residue, which causes the environment pollution and the ecological balance damage [2].
Taking into account economic factors and energy consumption of cement production, the amount of Portland cement was defined as 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, and the serial number was B1~B5.
Soda residue is a macro pore and fine grain solid materials, which main component is calcium carbonate.
Soda residue is a macro pore and fine grain solid materials, which main component is calcium carbonate.

This last behaviour, without overlap, can be due to the growth of either independent nuclei alone or independent nuclei and simultaneous increase in number of nuclei. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0.0 1.0m 2.0m 3.0m 4.0m 5.0m 2.4 V 2.0 V 2.6 V 3.0 V 1.8 V Current / mA Time / s Fig. 1.
At higher potentials the nucleation rate increases faster than the step propagation rate and the electro-deposition of each layer proceeds with the formation of a large number of nuclei.
The surface is characterised from a background regulated surface consisting in grains of almost 2 µm.
The morphology of the polymer coatings is uniform and characterized by a cauliflower-like structure constituted by microspherical grains with different sizes.

However, Liao et al [5] found that the modification of Al-Si alloys with Sr addition increased the size of the eutectic grains and reduced the number of eutectic grains.
Table 1 Orthogonal test results of Al-40Si alloy modified by 0.5 wt% Sr addition Test number Factors Mechanical properties Solution temperature Ts [℃] Solution time ts [h] Aging temperature Ta [℃] Aging time ta [h] Hardness [HRC] Tensile strength σb [MPa] Extension percentage δ[ %] 1 450 10 160 5 29.4 64.9 0.85 2 450 14 200 7 23.0 75.0 1.27 3 450 18 240 9 23.9 47.7 1.72 4 500 10 200 9 25.4 59.5 0.57 5 500 14 240 5 21.2 79.8 1.28 6 500 18 160 7 36.0 55.1 0.29 7 550 10 240 7 23.1 57.6 1.57 8 550 14 160 9 17.6 72.5 0.72 9 550 18 200 5 24.4 54.7 0.43 According to the range analysis method, the influence of each factor on the mechanical properties is analyzed and the optimal technologies are obtained.