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Fan Guisheng, Zheng Xiuqing, Jia Hongji [2] Research on the freezing and thawing features and reduction infiltration characteristics of seasonal freezing and thawing soil; Fan Guisheng, Zheng Xiuqing, Pan Guangzai [3] analyzed and discussed that the influence of the buried depth of groundwater level on the capacity and the relative steady infiltration rates of freezing and thawing soils as well as the characteristics of soil infiltration capacity based on the infiltration experiments of natural freezing and thawing soils with different groundwater levels within freezing and thawing period.
Authors Affiliations Contents 1 Fan Guisheng, Zheng Xiuqing [2],act Taiyuan University of Technology Based on the field infiltration experiments of natural freezing and thawing’ soils within the freezing and thawing periods, in this Paper the freezing and thawing features of cultivated soils are analyzed, the basic characteristics of reduction infiltration of freezing and thawing soils are discussed, and the reduction infiltration of freezing and thawing soils is inquired. 2 Fan Gui sheng, Zheng Xiu qing, Pan Guang zai [3] Taiyuan University of Technology Based on the infiltration experiments of natural freezing and thawing soils with different groundwater levels within freezing and thawing period, the influence of the buried depth of groundwater level on the capacity and the relative steady infiltration rates of freezing and thawing soils as well as the characteristics of soil infiltration capacity are analyzed and discussed. 3 LI Yang[4] JI Lin University Introduced the granularity
Authors Affiliations Contents 1 ZhouYouWu, GuoDongXin [9] Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Cryopedology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Summarize the characteristics of permafrost in China 2 Wang YongJun, Sun GuShu [10] Team108 of Inner Mongolia Nonferrous Metals Geological Exploration Bureau study the permafrost and its environment in Greater Xing an Mountains 3 Liu HongJun [11] Northeast Agriculture University The mechanic property of frozen earth was studied by testing and collecting relevant data.
Experimental study on the freezing and thawing features and reduction infiltration characteristics of seasonal freezing and thawing soils.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2000,vol.37(1),pp.24-32

For example, Philips et al. [27] have observed that, although the addition of 30 mol% of vanadium to TiO2 single crystal results in band gap reduction to 1.99 eV, the formation of Ti0.7V0.3O2 had a detrimental effect on photo-activity due to a substantial increase in the flat band potential by about 1 V.
There were several attempts to reduce band gap by reduction of grain size.
] 3.026 OPT Parallel to c axis, room temperature 3.059 OPT Perpendicular to c axis, room temperature Pascual et al. [19] 3.031 OPT Parallel to c axis, 1.6 K 3.031 OPT Perpendicular to c axis, 1.6 K Daude et al. [20] 2.91 THC Parallel to c axis 3.05 THC Perpendicular to c axis Vos [21] 3.03 THC Parallel to c axis, 1.6 K 3.07 THC Perpendicular to c axis, 1.6 K Gupta & Ravindra [22] 3.0329 OPT Single crystal (both perpendicular and parallel to c axis Khan et al. [23] 3.06 THC Single crystal (both perpendicular and parallel to c axis Nowotny [24] 3.16 EC High purity single crystal, 1073 K-1323 K Average 3.05 Table 1: Band gap energy values reported in literature (EC - electrical conductivity, OPT - optical method, THC - theoretical calculations).COMPOSITION ENERGY EC EV ~3eV CONDUCTION BAND VALENCE BAND 1.8-2.2eV COMPOSITION ENERGY EC EV ~3eV CONDUCTION BAND VALENCE BAND 1.8-2.2eV EA IMPOSED MID-GAP BAND (a) (b) Fig. 1: Schematic representation of band gap reduction
by (a) elevation of the edge of valence band, and (b) imposition of a mid-gap band. 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 BAND GAP [eV] 0 5 10 15 20 25 ECE [%] THEORETICAL LIMIT RESEARCH TARGET REDUCED-BAND-GAP TITANIA COMMERCIAL TITANIA OPTIMISTIC CONSERVATIVE Fig. 2: Expected effect of band gap reduction on ECE assuming that other energy losses remain unchanged.
However, the effect of segregation in oxide materials is still not well understood, therefore more experimental data is needed before any quantitative models can be formulated.

The reduction of weight in arm would enable the elevation of speed.
The maximum stress values were extracted from the modelling data for the four different materials, as well as the elastic deformation at the maximum stress location.
However, the weight reduction was significant, enabling the increase of operational speed considerably.
Based on the results shown in Figures 3 and 4, our estimation showed that the weight reduction for using magnesium alloys could enable to increase the operational speed up to 26% in comparison to steel robot arms.
Mg alloys also showed superior to other candidates in terms of weight reduction, while still maintaing similar P-value to the current robot materials.

All thermocouples were connected to a data-logger, which automatically recorded the temperature readings at 5-minute intervals throughout the test period.
By adding CSF, the adiabatic temperature rise demonstrated an unanimous reduction as displayed in the third column of Table 2.
Measured adiabatic temperature rise Predicted adiabatic temperature rise Experimental value (°C) Reduction (°C) Per binder content (°C / 100 kg/m3) Predicted value by Eq. 6 (°C) Error (°C) 1 58.7 - 9.7 59.2 0.5 2 56.9 -1.8 9.5 56.8 -0.1 3 55.4 -3.3 9.4 54.9 -0.5 4 63.3 - 11.2 62.4 -0.9 5 58.0 -5.3 10.4 58.4 0.4 6 54.8 -8.5 9.9 55.3 0.5 7 64.4 - 12.1 63.5 -0.9 8 57.1 -7.3 10.9 58.5 1.4 9 54.5 -9.9 10.5 54.4 -0.1 10 63.0 - 12.6 63.0 0.0 11 58.5 -4.5 11.8 57.4 -1.1 12 52.8 -10.2 10.8 52.9 0.1 13 60.6 - 12.9 61.5 0.9 14 55.8 -4.8 11.9 55.6 -0.2 15 51.1 -9.5 11.0 50.9 -0.2 Fig. 3 Variation of adiabatic temperature rise with W/B ratio Fig. 4 Variation of adiabatic temperature rise per binder content with strength Prediction Formula and Design Chart of Adiabatic Temperature Rise.
The results revealed that at CSF dosage of 5%, the reduction in adiabatic temperature rise varied between 1.8°C and 7.3°C; whereas at CSF dosage of 10%, the reduction in adiabatic temperature rise varied between 3.3°C and 10.2°C.

Hence, the C1, C2 and N3 atoms provide only for the reduction sites to form H2, whereas the N2 atoms provide sites for both the oxidation and reduction.
Scheffler, Accurate molecular van der Waals interactions from ground-state electron density and free-atom reference data, Phys.
R., and Du A., Single Atom (Pd/Pt) Supported on Graphitic Carbon Nitride as an Efficient Photocatalyst for Visible-Light Reduction of Carbon Dioxide, J.
Wang, Enhanced CO2 photocatalytic reduction on alkali-decorated graphitic carbon nitride, Appl.

Recording of measured data was performed by the acquisition system DH3816.
(3) In particular, beam L4 having a larger reinforcement ratio showed a reduction of the experimental crack width compared to beam L2 and L3 with a higher number of cracks developed in the bending region (Fig. 3d).
While shear failure occurred in the flexure-shear region due to the reduction of effective shear area caused by propagation of the inclined cracks.
At onset of cracking, flexural cracks developed rapidly for specimens with low CFRP reinforcement ratio (L2 and L3), and the beams exhibited reduction in flexural rigidity.
Flexure failure occurred for moderately-reinforced stone beams, and flexure-shear failure occurred for over-reinforced stone beams, in which a reduction in ductility was obtained

It has been shown that the methanol crossover during fuel cell operation leads to an efficiency reduction down to 35% [5].
Nevertheless, SPEEK has also been used as a matrix for the inclusion of inorganic oxides and proton conductors [8-10], which may lead to a reduction in methanol permeability.
Water uptake of SPEEK membranes as a function of ZrO2 content (data at room temperature).
For the two polymers analyzed, the introduction of ZrO2 in the range of2.5% to 5% (w/w) led to a much higher reduction in water and methanol permeations than in the proton conductivity (Figs. 2-4).
Comparatively with the fluxes obtained for NAFION 112 ® , the incorporation of 5% or 7.5 % (w/w) ZrO2 in the two polymeric matrixes led to a 3-times reduction of water and methanol fluxes.

By the end of 2009, Sulfur dioxide emissions reduction of 13.14%, the emission reduction target [1] what the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" of the State Environmental Protection had proposed, was completed ahead of schedule.
But to 2010, China's sulfur dioxide emissions still reached 22.678 million tons [2] ; the emission reduction task is still arduous.
In a physical adsorption process, gas molecules are adsorbed onto solid surfaces to form a regular state, its entropy reduction and the △S is negative.
Data (2007)596-599

A number of works [1-3, 12] proposed an approach based on the integrated use of mineral raw materials when exposed to concentrated energy flows in order to extract alloying elements and oxides, which corresponds to the proposed theory of entropy reduction in the production of the final material, bypassing the stages of primary enrichment and processing.
The reduction of the production period of materials is due to the use of modern technologies that exclude the use of environmentally hazardous pyro- and hydrometallurgical processes.
It was possible to observe other compounds, for example, tungsten carbides W2C, formed by reduction of tungsten from WO3 .
Experimental data help to determine the nature and mechanism of the transition of the alloying element into the liquid metal.
Reduction of tungsten during the electroslag remelting of flux containing the scheelite concentrate for production of tungsten-containing steels.

For example, the environmental benefits of using recycled material is in the following fields: in the field of environmental protection, in reduction of greenhouse gases, in reduction of air pollution and in significant reduction of landfills. [2] The Limiting Factors of the Usage of Recycled Materials The number of recyclable materials depends on the length of the road network, with its extent, type of surface as well as the financial resources intended for the construction and reconstruction of roads.
Utilization of recycled material can achieve cost reduction.
At present, there is not enough data yet to compile a universal decision-making model, so for the time being, each construction must be assessed individually.