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The studies on TiAl3 experimentally and theoretically involve the fields of materials science, physics as well as chemistry.
The crystal structure of bulk TiAl3 belongs to the space group symmetry P6/mmm, which is designated DO22.
It adopts a body-centered tetragonal structure.
Electronic structure There are two obvious peaks marked A and B in the total density of states (DOS) curve of TiAl3, shown in Fig. 1(a).
All structures are relaxed to a force tolerance of 0.05 eV Å−1.

The destination of compound by recycled rubber has been one of the main problems faced by humanity, because its natural degradation occurs after a long time due to the presence of cross-links, stabilizers and other additives in their structure, causing damage to the environment.
Krüger: Emulsion Rubbers; in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2012

Under the condition of temperature 120℃, pressure 0.2MPa, 2h duration holding pressure, NaOH concentration 60～100 g/L, high pressure alkaline leaching can destroy the sosloid structure and selectively remove SiO2 and Al2O3 in the Electro-titanium slag, Then rich titanium product of TiO2＞90% was prepared from electro-titanium slag of TiO280~87%by using acid leaching and washing, on the condition that temperature>80℃, time 2h, acid concentration 25g/L.
[2]Sun Kang.Metallurgical Physical Chemistry of Titanium Extraction [M]．Beijing：Metallurgical Industry Press，2001,7-8

Egorkina Institute of Chemistry, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 159 pr. 100-letiya Vladivostoku, Vladivostok 690022, Russia ae-mail: egorkin@ich.dvo.ru Keywords: Protective coatings, Plasma electrolytic oxidation, Microsecond current pulses, Transistor power supply, Titanium, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
Electrochemical properties of the heterooxide structures were examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiodynamic polarization methods.

The X-ray diffraction(XRD) was used to investigate the crystal structures of ZnO nanoparticles and ultrathin film.
The excellent properties of ZnO are usually determined by its shapes and structures.
The individual properties of nanoparticles can be combined and improved by arranging the nanoparticles into desired structures[9].
The crystal structures of ZnO nanoparticles and ZnO ultrathin films were detected by the D/max-γB X-ray diffractometer (XRD, Rigaku, JP) employing a Cu target.
As is expected, after annealing at 500 ℃ for 3 h, the ZnO nanoparticles were in typical crystalline structures of ZnO(wurtzite).

The latter was found to form smaller structure, which explained the improved initial flow of SLU paste.
It is known that casein possesses a micelle structure.
Due to the comparable particle size and morphology, these observed structures were designated as casein submicelles.
McSweeney, Milk proteins, in: Dairy chemistry and biochemistry, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publisher, New York, 1998, pp. 181
Phadungath, Casein micelle structure: a concise review, Songklanakarin J Sci Technol 27 (2005) 201-212

High Functional Silk Fibroin Polyester Fabric Guangxian Zhang1,a, Nan Han1,b, Wei Hu1,c Fengxiu Zhang2,d 1 College of textiles and garments, Southwest university, China 2 School of chemistry and chemical engineering, Southwest university, Chongqing azgx656472@sina.com, b513257889@qq.com, chuwei8500397@163.com, dzhangfx656472@sina.com Keywords: polyester; silk fibroin; graft; wearability Abstract.
Results and Discussion Structure.
The three X-ray diffraction spectra were similar, these showed the structure of three kind polyester fabrics were almost same.
And the diffraction apex 38.5o shows silk fibroin grafting on polyester fabric has some β-sheet structure.
FT-IR spectra, DSC and X-ray diffraction spectra showed silk fibroin was grafted on polyester fabric, the structure of some silk fibroin was β-sheet, and the thermostability of fabric kept well.

It was established that at the initial stage of freezing-thawing of concrete with the simultaneous action of an aqueous NaCl solution, the structure of concrete is densified and its strength is increased.
The question of the influence of salts on the pore structure of concrete remains insufficiently studied.
When the size of these crystals becomes large enough, they begin to put pressure on the pore walls, which can lead to the destruction of the structure.
This can be explained by the fact that salts, which crystallized in the pores of concrete, compacted the structure and due to this, the strength of concrete increased.
It was established that at the initial stage of freezing-thawing of concrete with the simultaneous action of an aqueous NaCl solution, the structure of concrete is densified and its strength is increased.

The metallographic observations of additive manufactured samples showed a martensitic microstructure inside the prior β grain grew up as columnar structure.
The crystalline structure was studied using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD, PANalytical's X'Pert PRO, Milan).
Whereas, the DMLS samples (Fig. 1.2 and 1.3) in the building direction presented a columnar grains structure with elongated prior β grains, in which a martensitic structure was found.
In the same time, the heat treatment involves a porous structure of the oxide layer due to the complex oxide formation mechanism.
Seshadri, Thermal oxidation of Ti6Al4V alloy: Microstructural and electrochemical characterization, Materials Chemistry and Physics, 119 (2010) 337-346.

The structure, morphology and component of the coated layers were clarified by means of XRD, SEM and EDAX.
Additionally, the phase structure for the Ni–P coatings was clarified by X-ray diffraction (XRD, BRUX D8).
Structure and component analysis of electroless nickel coating X-ray diffraction patterns as shown in Fig. 3 reveals that the peak of the layer is sharper, which suggests the co-existence of microcrystalline and crystalline phases in the as-deposited Ni–P film [12, 16].
This result is consistent with the previous result that a high phosphorus concentration in the coatings would favor formation of an amorphous structure, and a low phosphorus concentration would be likely to favor a crystalline coating structure [17, 18].
Monk, in: Fundamentals of Electroanalytical Chemistry, edited by J.