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The developed technology and equipment for the implementation of the above process has already been successfully introduced into a number of Russian industries.
a) b) c) Figure 4 - Inconel 718, section: the definition of the chemical composition (black and white line) a) Plakart; b) Hoganas; c) Composite It can be seen that the microstructure of the powders has a dendritic character and contains several structural components: a gray metal matrix, black inclusions inside the grains and a white grid along the grain boundaries.
In the powder manufacturer Plakart observed the most fine-grained structure.

Nitrogen Productivity was characterized by the grain yield per unit of nitrogen inputs, and was calculated as follows: (1) The annual Nsu was calculated as the difference between nitrogen inputs and outputs for the rice production systems within province and state.
The annual nitrogen input from the livestock manures (Nm, kg/hm2) is calculated as: (4) Where Li is the number livestock i (include cow, cattle, horse, donkey, mule, pig and sheep); k is the mean annual nitrogen excretion amount of each head of livestock (kg); and j is the return ratio of livestock excretion; A is the total sown area in the province or state.
It significantly reduced the irrational input of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers and increase the organic fertilizers input, so as to increase soil fertility, grain productivity and decrease nitrogen loss into water or atmospheric environment.
The North China Plain is one of the high yielding grain production areas in China, dominated by the winter wheat and summer maize production system.

Introduction Aluminium alloys used for high pressure die-casting are mostly based on the Al-Si system and have microstructures comprising primary α-aluminium grains and a matrix of the Al-Si eutectic.
The microstructures of HPDCs provide an interesting opportunity to study fatigue behavior since there are a number of features that may either improve, or compromise, fatigue performance.
Grain size is usually coarser, eutectic silicon particles are distributed less homogeneously, and porosity, retained oxides and Fe-based sludge intermetallic phases may be present.
It can be seen that the sub-surface region has a much finer microstructure than the interior, i.e., both the grain size and silicon particle sizes are finer.

The number of vehicles with heavy loadings ,especially overloading with large margin grows remarkably ,axial weight increasing from the limited 100kN to more than 200kN ,tyre pressure increasing from the limited 0.7MPa to 1.0MPa ,even 1.4 MPa—this has already been very common .For simulating the real situation o overloading, tyre pressure is set to be 0.7 MPa for the standard value , 0.85 MPa, 1.0 MPa, 1.2 MPa for the overloading and 1.4 MPa for the serious overloading.
Silty clays of different compaction are tested to determine its modulus ,density , Poison's ratio and value of c, φ, offering parameters for finite element calculation .The needed values are shown in Table-1 as follows : Table-1 Calculating parameter values of material in each level Pavement level Materials Thickness (cm) Modulus (MPa) Density (Kg/m3) Poisson's ratio Cohesion force （KPa） Angle of friction(o) Surface Fine-grained asphalt concrete 4 1400 2400 0.25 — — Medium-grained asphalt concrete 6 1200 2400 0.25 — — Coarse-grained asphalt concrete 8 1100 2400 0.25 — — Base course Cement stabilized macadam 32 1500 2300 0.25 — — Subbase course Lime flyash soil 18 750 1700 0.27 — — Subgrade Lime soil（12％） 20（0） 500 1750 0.27 — — Lime soil（5％） 20（0） 250 1800 0.3 — — Lime soil（3％） 20（0） 100 1850 0.3 — — Roadbed 96 zone 80 63.57 1899 0.35 50.5 35.5 Upper embankment 94 zone 70 58.91 1860 0.35 40 34.9 Down embankment 90 zone 190 57.53 1800 0.35 29 33 Note: （0）represents zero

There are several factors which distinguish the cutting mechanism in microscale machining including the minimum chip thickness criterion to enable chip formation, cutting edge radius effects together with microstructure and grain size of the workpiece material.
The latter factor is especially true in dual-phase or multi-phase alloys [1], where the workpiece can no longer be treated as isotropic with average material grain size being of a similar order to the feature machined size.
The typical minimum chip thickness or depth of cut of several micrometers in micromachining essentially means that chip formation can occur within a few or even single individual grains of the material microstructure, unlike macromilling [2].
Shear vector showed the direction of the chip formation in cutting process where the numbers of arrow are depending on the mesh of the model. 4.

Table 1 Deposition parameters of TiN coatings Number 1 2 3 4 Argon flow/sccm 20 Nitrogen flow/sccm 35 Power of cathode/W 600 Temperature/℃ 300 tTi/min 10 tTiN/h 3.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 Thickness of coating/mm 2.60 3.28 4.00 5.00 Results and Discussion We can draw a conclusion from Table 1 that the coating thickness was gradually increasing with the prolonging of deposition time, i.e., four different thicknesses of TiN coatings were respectively 2.60, 3.28, 4.00 and 5.00 mm.
The surface of TiN coating was uniform dense cellular organization when the deposition time was 3 hours (see Fig.1a); The grain shape of TiN coatings with loose structure was pyramidal when the deposition time was 4.5 hours, and that the size of surface particles increased obviously (see Fig.1b); The pyramid particles disappeared when the deposition time was 5 hours, simultaneously the coating surface was smooth and compacted, which is good for increasing the hardness and adhesion of TiN coating (see Fig.1c); The topography was broccoli-like, dense but not even when the deposition time was 6 hours (see Fig.1d).
When deposition process was in a relatively short time, the grain size was smaller because the effects of temperature and bias voltage were not apparent; The grains grew gradually and its morphology transformed from cellular structure to pyramidal with increasing deposition time, which was due to the leading role of temperature for this stage; Bias voltage played a dominant role along with the further increase of deposition time, the coating surface was smooth first and then broccoli-like, the internal stress between coating and substrate also increased gradually, which will result in weak mechanical properties of TiN coating.

Results and Discussion A considerable number of properties of the solder depend on the microstructure of the solder and the IMCs formation.
According to Fig. 2A, the SAC0207 solder consists of large primary β-Sn grains surrounded by eutectic area where IMC strips are finely dispersed.
The addition of Bi to solder considerably refines the microstructure and makes IMCs uniformly distributed, which contributes to strengthening effect as grain boundaries offer a resistance to dislocation movement.
Tatsumi, Thermal fatigue properties and grain boundary character distribution in Sn-xAg-0.5Cu (x=1, 1.2 and 3) lead free solder interconnects, Sci Technol Weld Joi. 13(2008) 60-65

For calculating the size and sphericity of primary solid phase, two parameters of average diameter and shape factor was measured using Eqs. (1) and (2), respectively for a minimum of 400 grains at a sample by means of image analyzer software (MATERIAL PLUS 4.1) Results and discussions Effect of pouring temperature.
For the pouring temperature of 680°C and 650°C, fraction of solid phase and as the result, the number of crystals nucleated and detached from the surface of the cooling plate was insufficient to produce fine and spheroidal primary crystals.
More over the appropriate opportunity is provided for diffusion and transformation of primary α-Al phase leading to an increasing grain size and decreasing shape factor. .
It was found that there was an optimum pouring temperature in which minimum grain size and maximum sphericity were created, at a constant angle and length

This is mainly because, on the one hand, with the increase of grinding speed, the belt wear is increased with the increase of grain number in cutting per unit time, and this exacerbated the abrasive wear; work hardening phenomenon is serious, the difficulty of grinding is increased, so as to the belt wear is increased
This is mainly because, the vibration of machine is increased with the improvement of contact force, leading to abrasive grain fracture accelerating, shedding serious, even the whole belt fracture, and the belt life is influenced
For example, if the abrasive tool wears by a slow glazing of the grains, the machining forces will rise and may lead to various problems such as poor size-holding, vibrations, and poor surface texture.

But the glue layer cracking failure was not carried on [3].Zhao Xuesong applied ANSYS to simulate bamboo strip surface compression performance, through the comparison between the experimental results and simulation’s, the simulation results are desirable [4] .Ma Jianfeng designed the similar bamboo structure system using bionics principle, and used FEM to verify its performance [5] .V.Laemlaksakul used FEM to study the laminated bamboo chair static and dynamic performance, strength and durability [6] .LU Wei applied ANSYS to study the bamboo parallel grain tensile stress distribution, analyzed bamboo radian effects on stress with emphasis.
The comparison between experimental results and simulation results showed the validity of the model established. [7].To get wood horizontal grain fracture characteristics, Shao Zhuoping used finite element analysis to study the crack tip stress field [8] .Yu Huaqiang applied hot and humid analogy method to analyze bamboo & wood composite material surface and core performance [9] .
Tab.1 Calculation of model parameters number outer diameter（mm） axial length （mm） prefabricated gap（mm） wall thickness（mm） experiment failure stress（MPa） simulation failure stress（MPa） error 1 90 101 22 20 1.266 1.08 15% 2 90 104 22 16 0.876 0.78 11% 3 90 102 22 15 1.436 1.15 20% As shown in table 1, the model created error is less than 20%, the bamboo culms cracking model developed above can describe the nature of bamboo culms cracking.
Building mechanical properties of tensile strength parallel to the grain bamboo Test Method[D].