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This is attributed to the interaction between TaNx film and light following the optical absorption model of free carrier: with the increase of nitrogen flow rate, the number of free electron and electron hole decrease, and then the reflectivity of TaNx film decrease while the visible light transmittance increase.
We can see in the Fig.3 that with the sputtering time increases, grains begin to grow up and grain boundaries disappear gradually.
The corrosion resistance of films can be improved by thick film and long time sputtering which can make the film more compact and less grain boundaries.

The usual mechanisms of deformation and mechanical failure are absent since the dislocation motion is suppressed in such a nanophase material – (i) dislocation multiplication sources cannot operate in nanocrystals with a size lower than 10 nm, (ii) nanocrystals are free of dislocations, (iii) even if dislocations are formed under a high applied stress, the cannot pass through the amorphous grain boundary matrix [5,6].
One the most recent materials is composed of small TiN grains that are embedded in an amorphous Si3N4 matrix (nc-TiN/a-Si3N4) [7,8].
An average number of five “ball cratering” (BC) experiments were performed in each sample in order to determine its thickness.
One phase is noted as TiN, with a small grain size in which nanocrystallites are embedded in an amorphous matrix of SiNx, though the formation of an amorphous AlN phase cannot be excluded.

However, because of the limited number of slip system associated with hexagonal close-packed metal, magnesium shows poor formability at room temperature [2].
Figure 5 shows the grain structure maps observed by EBSD measurement for specimen E after deformation.
The gray grains are within 15° from (0001) (compression plane).
Despite the large amount of compression deformation, it is seen that grains are not elongated towards the RD direction.

Gravity concentration is an effective method to recover cassiterite in coarse grain size.
Flotation is another method to enrich cassiterite in fine grain size, or remove sulphides before gravity concentration or remove sulphides from the obtained rough concentrate.
Further, environment issues exist for a number of tin flotation reagents.
(3) Grain size and tin distribution in the ore

Increasing loading of Sm into the electrolytic bath increases the number of Sm ions present which is why atomic percentage is also increasing.
It can be noticed the formation of uniform grain size particles at 0.5% loading of Sm which are deposited on the surface of nanosheets.
The porous nature of cobalt oxide as well as the additional uniform grain size of the Sm particles can be beneficial for the application as an electrode for supercapacitors which can facilitate good ion transportation.
At 0.5% loading of Sm, cobalt structure were observed to have additional grain size structure which is beneficial to ion transportation.

Tamping homework is currently used to eliminate deformation of scattered grain body and to renew its elasticity effectively.
Nottingham university team's McDowell, G.R. [3,6] who use discrete element method of railway track bed on a large theory and experiment on scattered grain of body way of mechanical properties of ballastless particles computer simulation is carried out, and through the simulation test means of simulation results were verified.
M. [12,13] put forward modeling method like the spherical particles stacking, such as the cumulative clouds ten goals of the shape of the grain, and a tetrahedron eight goals in the round state of particles.
Step 3, using the external interface import EDEM ramming device to the simplified model of the system simulation model, EDEM particles in accord with the requirement of the generation factory number of particle, particle shape as stated above.

However, κel depends on the electrical resistivity, Lorentz number(L0) and temperature(T): κel=L0T/ρ.
On the other hand, it may be considered that thermal conductivity of the compounds prepared at 420℃ was reduced due to an increase in phonon-grain boundary scattering originating from the grain refinement by static recrystallization during sintering process.
It has been reported that the phonons for SiGe alloys are scattered at the grain boundaries.

Raabe [1] shows results of grain interaction Taylor-type model calculations for the texture evolution during cold rolling verified with an experimentally measured texture.
The more recent paper [2] lists a number of models which can be applied to the texture evolution a.o. in an IF steel, i.e.
This suggests that that grain interaction (on which the LAMEL model is based) has more influence than the effects caused by the cementite lamellae (treated by the FC Taylor Pearlite model).
Raabe; Simulation of rolling textures of b.c.c metals considering grain interactions and crystallographic slip on {100}, {112} and {123} planes; Material Science&Engineering A 197; 31-37; 1995 [2] P.

Modern biomaterials should have number of properties associated with their mechanical and biological compatibility with organic tissues.
Designation of samples according to the methods used Sample Method CR30 Cold rolling (ε ~ 30%) CR60 Cold rolling (ε ~ 30%) EBC Non-vacuum electron beam cladding After forming the texture, samples were cut and grinded using SiC sandpaper with gradual reduction of grain size to 1000.
High-stress and fine-grained structure are the results of cold plastic deformation.
An increase of corrosion resistance by texture mechanism can be accompanied simultaneous decrease of corrosion resistance by structure mechanisms (grain size, stress accommodation, etc).

In Figs. 3b and 4b the SZ is coarse ferrite grains in addition to a greater percentage of particles that are formed granular bainite colonies that grow thicker and thickness is increased as a percentage of the heat input as shown in Fig. 3b, also traces of retained austenite, this zone being the one with the lowest values of hardness due to this thermal effect introduced by the heat input during the welding process and reduced cooling rate, which promotes microstructural phase precipitation as soft ferrites and bainites thick, being the highest heat input T36 specimen which has greater sensitivity to the effect of softening.
The weld zone has a columnar grained microstructure typical filler metal mainly consisting of acicular ferrite at grain boundary, and Widmanstatten see Fig. 3d and 4d.
The standard deviations for the percent of retained austenite are most likely due to a small number of preferred orientations in the TRIP steel.