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In Fig.5 (a), small amounts of MnO and Mn3O4 particles were involved in β1 grains.
In Fig.5 (b) for the Au0.5Cu0.5Mn0.75Ga0.25 alloy, lamellar structures composed of Laves and γ phases and equiaxed β2 grains coexisted.
In addition, fine particles named "P" were observed inside of the β2 grains.
Since P phase was only seen in β2 gains and the size was very small compared with the other phases, P phase was considered to be precipitated from β2 grain during cooling.
27 21 12 40 1.64 CuMn0.5Ga0.5 γ (γ-brass) - 61 29 10 1.68 Laves (Cu, Ga)2Mn - 42 26 32 1.84 * The numbers of valence electrons used are: Au=1, Cu=1, Mn=2 and Ga=3.

To impart bioactivity to these materials, a number of approaches have been developed, such as coating surface bioactive materials [4] and electrical stimulation [5] as well as osteoconductive agents on metallic substrates [6].
After one day soaking in SBF, the nucleation of CaP grains proceeded slowly and no mature grains could be observed on the surface of AH-5M (Fig 3a).
First of all, observing the sample soaked in SBF for only one day, Fig. 4a shows cubic grains dispersed on the porous sodium titanate / zirconate layer formed during the surface modification process.
With increasing soaking time, these cubic grains gradually coalesced with each other to form a thin layer covering the porous surface with almost all of the small pores covered by the newly formed layer (Fig 4 b).

Therefore, hulless barley grains are widely utilized as products such as barley teas, baked products, noodles at present.
The grain samples were hand-threshed, immediately placed in polyethylene bags, and stored at -20°C until used.
Pigments Extraction Thirty grams of hulless barley grains were immersed in 150 mL 70% aq EtOH containing 1% TFA over 24 h in the dark.
[24] indicated the number of intramolecular acyl units contributes to stability to heat at lower pH, whereas the characteristics of intramolecular acyl units influence the stability at higher pH.
Conclusion The present work points out the pigment from purple hulless barley grains was anthocyanin pigment.

We have carried out a number of experiments to estimate the influence of the power supply type upon the chemical composition, microstructure, mechanical properties of the weld joints and health characteristics of manual arc welding.
Heat-affected area – ferrite-pearlite structure, ferrite grains become finer, ferrite changes to sorbitic.
The structure is presented with polyhedral twinned austenitic grains, their typical size not exceeding 25 micrometers.
a) b) Fig. 8 – Microstructure of the heat affected areas Fig. 9 – Heat affected area under the bead of deposited metal Fig. 7 – Structure of the deposited metal: a) - DR-306, b) - Nebula-315 Considerable grain growth occurred in the heat-affected area.
Fig. 8 shows that austenitic grains in the heat-affected area are polyhedral twinned.

Various types of heat treatment processes are used to change the following properties or conditions of the steel: Improve the toughness, Increase the hardness, Increase the ductility, Improve the machinability, Refine the grain structure, Remove the residual stresses, Improve the wear resistance.
Results And Discussions The minimized oxidation at the steel surface leads to the very good surface smoothness and no risk for grain boundary problems.
The small size and low spread of the grain size lead to best possible fracture toughness at specified strengths, which assure best fatigue performances.
Figure 6 Direct effects of laser power on hardness of the surface Environmental effects: There are a number of important advantages with Laser hardening.
Normally this gives an oxide scale on the surface, but at too long time at too high temperature the oxides can penetrate into the grain boundaries of the surface which reduces the fatigue strength.

It was found earlier [15–20] that the use of effusive and intrusive rocks, natural and artificial zeolites, clayey, tripoli, Portland cement clinker, microsilica, concrete scrap, brick and expanded clay dust will improve a number of properties of construction composites with alkaline mixing [18-21].
Analysis of the results for the energy dispersive composition of aspiration dust, it can be noted that a definite dependence of the concentration of basic oxides on the grain size is not observed.
Kuzmin, Fine-Grained Concrete of Composite Binder.
Bisultanov, Fine-Grained Concretes with Clinker-Free Binders on an Alkali Gauging (Fine-grained concrete based on alkaline activated binders), Proceedings of the International Symposium "Engineering and Earth Sciences: Applied and Fundamental Research" (ISEES 2019).1.

The algorithm can decrease the synchronization hop count by constructing a spanning tree, and uses two-way SRS in inter-cluster and one-way ROS in intra-cluster to reduce the number of messages required for the network synchronization.
Figure 2 reflects changing trend of the algorithms‘ mean synchronization error as the increasing of the nodes number.
Fig.2 WSN Error’s changing trend Conclusion For the problem that classical time synchronization algorithms existing in large-scale WSN, this paper have proposed a time synchronization algorithm based on cluster-tree that constructs a spanning tree to effectively reduce synchronization hop count, and uses two-way SRS in inter-cluster and one-way ROS in intra-cluster to reduce the number of messages required for the network synchronization.
Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts [J].

Through the single grain scratch test in different directions on the polished surface of MgO{100} single crystal substrates, the formation mechanism of triangular fracture defect in lapping and polishing processes is verified.
Fig 3 is the TFD pattern of the MgO substrate surface by tribochemical polishing using cast iron polishing plate, which shows large numbers of TFD generated after polishing.
As we know, the slip systems of the metal with face-centered cubic structure are {111}<110> and the number is 12, but the MgO single crystal only has 6 in the {110}<110> direction, as shown in Fig 4.
In the lapping or polishing process, the number and direction of the {110}90 cracks are not the same as the results of M.Munawar Chaudhri's indentation test[8], this can be clearly seen in the next section about the single grain scratch on the surface of MgO substrate.

It was observed from XRD results that heat treatment conditions play significant role in the formation of pure SrFe12O19 hexaferrite phase and also in the grain size.
The large number of synthesis routes like ceramic method, glass crystallization, aerosol pyrolysis, sol-gel, hydrothermal and chemical co-precipitation [5-8] have been proposed in order to prepare highly homogeneous, ultra fine single domain hexaferrite particles.
The conventional ceramic methods involve long heat treatment and high temperature (1100-1300°C) and may grow grains in an uncontrollable manner.
FTIR spectra of the as-precipitated sample as well as samples heated at various temperatures were carried out between wave number ranges 4000-400 cm-1.
It is clear from the graph that by adding NH4OH, as pH increases, conductivity of the solution decreases because of decrease in number of free ions.

The deformed area inside the ridge consists of a bundle of squashed grains.
In contrast, the deformed area outside the ridge exhibited a refined grain structure, as shown in Fig. 4.
(a) (b) Fig. 4 (a) Grain structure of the A2024 stud after welding.
The very tip of the projection kept its original microscopic shape and grain structure.
The fracture surface of the joint region inside the circular ridge exhibited relatively flat surface with a limited number of dimples.