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However, the refractory metals and their nitrides are mostly polycrystalline structure, the grain boundary between the polycrystalline was become the rapid diffusion path to Cu atoms.
At low temperature, the free energy of the critical nucleation was very small, and large number of crystal nucleus were formed, the crystal grains were very fine and poor crystallinity.

The cleavage facets are the embrittled ferrite grains while the sheared grains were those of austenite.
This may be either due to partial dissolution of αʹ precipitates resulting in change in morphology from ‘needle like’ to a more blunt form having lesser stress concentration, or, due to decrease in number of dislocation pinning sites i.e. αʹ precipitates, resulting in increase in ductility.

Experimental Procedure Pure Ti powder (purity: 99.9%) with angular shape (with average grain size 45 μm) has been used as parent material (Fig. 1).
Urea space holder with grain size of 425 μm was used as space holder.
The strength values determined in this study are lower than those predicted by the theoretical models because the models assume bulk values for the pore walls and they initial stage of sintering is performed there are large numbers of micropores formed in the walls and therefore they can’t be considered bulk material.

Although there are a number of convenient laboratory ceramic shaping methods that produce pieces with the required properties [2, 3] there is not a general industrial scale production method.
There are many grains with sizes of less than 1 µm, although there are also some grains bigger than 5 µm.

Microstructure and grain size gradient by REM 3.
Results In dependence on the number of infiltrations different ZrO2 contents in the infiltrated areas were achieved.
Lange: Infiltration of porous alumina bodies with solution precursors: strengthening via compositional grading, grain size control, and transformation toughening.

Compare the effect and efficiency of these two classifiers by selecting different neighbors K and precisions.From table 2, VPRSKNN algorithm has higher classification accuracy than traditional KNN algorithm when a certain number of neighbors K, are given constant value.
Classification Name Document Amount C1 Eam 3762 C2 ACQ 2334 C3 MoneyFx 694 C4 Crude 591 C5 Grain 561 C6 Trade 511 C7 Interest 495 C8 Wheat 294 C9 Ship 297 C10 Corn 247 Table.2.
Comparison of algorithmaccuracy of traditional KNN and VPRSKNN when K=30 K Data Set KNN Algorithm VPRSKNN Algorithm Classification Name Document Amount β=0.15 β=0.1 β0.05 30 Eam 3762 78.3 79.3 81.4 86.6 ACQ 2334 79.3 82.3 84.7 85.1 MoneyFx 694 85.6 87.4 89.1 91.2 Crude 591 85.1 87.2 88.9 90.9 Grain 561 86.7 87.9 90.2 92.3 Trade 511 87.6 89.3 91.9 93.5 Interest 495 86.7 90.1 92.4 94.3 Wheat 294 84.6 86.7 89.4 91.8 Ship 297 82.6 86.7 89.9 92.4 Corn 247 81.5 88.8 89.7 93.1 Fig.1.

., the conductances and the capacitances for the lossy polarization between the electrolyte–electrode interface and the grain boundary conduction, respectively, were also taken into account to calculate the frequency dependence of the conductivity.
The e*(w) can be described by the phonon dispersion relationship (Eq. 1) for a four-parameter semi-quantum (FPSQ) model [12], , (1) 　　 where eelectronic is the permittivity determined by the electronic polarization, n is the number of optical phonon modes, wjLO and wjTO are the angular frequencies of the jth longitudinal optical (LO) and transverse optical (TO) modes, respectively, and gjLO and gjTO are the damping factors of the jth LO and TO modes, respectively.
The s’ value decreased with decreasing frequency, behavior that was attributed to two extrinsic contributions, i.e., the electrolyte–electrode interface and the grain boundary effects.

From the AFM image, thin film roughness is determined from Rq=2Z-ZaveN, where Rq is the standard deviation of Z values, Zave is the average of Z values, Z is the current height and N is the number of points within the given area.
The grain size of each particles were larger than the sample prepared using magnetron sputtering technique.
To give a clear view of grain size, one can plot the line profile of AFM images as shown in figure 4.

The parameters of the ASTM G-99 (CSEM HT Tribometer) were as follows: Load: 10 N; Speed: 0.1 m/s; Number of cycles: 50 000; Counterpart: Al2O3, steel100Cr6.
The hard WC grains, embedded in Co matrix are the main features of the coatings microstructure.
Ohmori, Effect of carbide grain size on microstructure and sliding wear behavior of HVOF-sprayed WC-12%Co coatings, Wear 254 (2003) 23-34

CaZr4(PO4)6 material with its high-temperature thermal stability and excellent thermal shock resistance has been studied for a number of applications, including radioactive waste isolation, thermal shock barrier coating, automobile engine component,and catalyst supports[6,7].
It can be seen that the surface of the particles was irregular, and its grain sizes ranged from 5 to15μm.
It will not only incurs the higher cost but also brings to abnormal grain growth easily, moreover the sintered bodies usually had low density (73-81.3% of the theoretical density) [8].