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Online since: June 2012
Authors: Ji Wang, Dong Hong Yang
WSNs are composed of a large number of communication nodes with limited sensing, processing and computational capabilities.
The large number of sensor nodes that are densely deployed either inside the phenomenon or very close to it.
Basic differences between land- andwater-WSNs TERRESTRIAL WSN OCEANOGRAPHIC WSN Network-Density Fine grained (small area, many nodes) Coarse grained(large area, few nodes) Size of one Device Required Tiny Small Network-Mobility Low High (due to streams) Energy-Consumption Low (radiofrequency, short distances) High (acoustic waves,high attenuation, long distances) Prize per Node Cheap Expensive (Modem,Sensors) THE METHOD OF SYSTEM DESIGN The proposed marine environment monitoring system based on WSN is illustrated in figure 1.
Node domains address are genetically almost identical with its the serial number of the area.
If it is direct discarded, it would greatly reduce the number of available paths, If it is direct broadcasted,it can appear closed loop.
The large number of sensor nodes that are densely deployed either inside the phenomenon or very close to it.
Basic differences between land- andwater-WSNs TERRESTRIAL WSN OCEANOGRAPHIC WSN Network-Density Fine grained (small area, many nodes) Coarse grained(large area, few nodes) Size of one Device Required Tiny Small Network-Mobility Low High (due to streams) Energy-Consumption Low (radiofrequency, short distances) High (acoustic waves,high attenuation, long distances) Prize per Node Cheap Expensive (Modem,Sensors) THE METHOD OF SYSTEM DESIGN The proposed marine environment monitoring system based on WSN is illustrated in figure 1.
Node domains address are genetically almost identical with its the serial number of the area.
If it is direct discarded, it would greatly reduce the number of available paths, If it is direct broadcasted,it can appear closed loop.
Online since: October 2013
Authors: Qing Fang Zhang
For example, the fine ground quartz sand and grain limestone do not respond to hard ore admixtures and respond slowly to hard slags.
As far as the application of fly ash to concrete is concerned, a great number of experimental researches have been conducted and the relevant technology have become increasingly mature.
Its color can be light grey to dark grey and its grain size is about 0.1μm, 1% to 2% of cement.
In scheme 4, number 4-3, when 30% fly ash alone is added, the maximum compressive strength values with different ages are 35.3 Mpa, 39.0 Mpa, 39.8 Mpa and 43.1 Mpa.
In the scheme of number 3-6, compressive strength of all ages are maximum.
As far as the application of fly ash to concrete is concerned, a great number of experimental researches have been conducted and the relevant technology have become increasingly mature.
Its color can be light grey to dark grey and its grain size is about 0.1μm, 1% to 2% of cement.
In scheme 4, number 4-3, when 30% fly ash alone is added, the maximum compressive strength values with different ages are 35.3 Mpa, 39.0 Mpa, 39.8 Mpa and 43.1 Mpa.
In the scheme of number 3-6, compressive strength of all ages are maximum.
Online since: February 2007
Authors: Balázs Verő, Márton Takács
Characteristics of micro end mill
Micro machining with uncoated, two flutes, ultra-fine grained, tungsten carbide end milling cutter
was analyzed in details.
Due to the grain size of the carbides, this parameter cannot be decreased proportionally to the decreasing of the tool diameter.
"INT" gives the integer of a number, "ROUNDUP" stands for rounding up a number to the next integer and "ISEVEN" decides if a number is even.
The numbering of the tool edges (fz1act and fz2act) is not consistent during one machining process.
In this case the required number of rotation for removing material is specified by the integer divisibility.
Due to the grain size of the carbides, this parameter cannot be decreased proportionally to the decreasing of the tool diameter.
"INT" gives the integer of a number, "ROUNDUP" stands for rounding up a number to the next integer and "ISEVEN" decides if a number is even.
The numbering of the tool edges (fz1act and fz2act) is not consistent during one machining process.
In this case the required number of rotation for removing material is specified by the integer divisibility.
Online since: March 2011
Authors: Shu Xu
Meaning and features of modern agricultural logistics
Based on the understanding of modern logistics, modern agricultural logistics can be defined as: an integrated industrial activities of integrated operation and management relying on advanced computer networks and information technology, integrating the use of modern transport and storage facilities, through a large number of business information instructions, engaged in agricultural transportation, storage, processing, handling, packaging and distribution processing, distribution, and information processing[1].
Specific measures are: ①Contain the situation of declining market share of state-owned grain companies and supply and marketing cooperatives.
The construction of wholesale markets should focus on cultivating a number of medium-sized agricultural professional wholesale supermarkets in the place of agricultural products in bulk or distribution center in accordance with the principles of overall planning, local conditions, and rationale distribution.
Strengthen the building of cotton library, grain storage, cold storage, cold storage and increasing temperature control and moisture equipment.
Specific measures are: ①Contain the situation of declining market share of state-owned grain companies and supply and marketing cooperatives.
The construction of wholesale markets should focus on cultivating a number of medium-sized agricultural professional wholesale supermarkets in the place of agricultural products in bulk or distribution center in accordance with the principles of overall planning, local conditions, and rationale distribution.
Strengthen the building of cotton library, grain storage, cold storage, cold storage and increasing temperature control and moisture equipment.
Online since: August 2014
Authors: Lee Siang Chuah, S.Y. Chin, S.S. Tneh, M.A. Ahmad, S.K. Mohd Bakhori, Y. Yusuf, Z. Hassan
A great number semiconductor nanowires and nanobelts comprising Si, WO3, Ge, GaN, GaAs, and etc. have been fabricated for various dormant utilizations.
The average size of the crystallites was determined from the peak using the Scherrer formula: D = 0.9 λ / B cos θ (1) where D, λ, B, θ, are the mean grain size, the x-ray wavelength of 0.154 nm, Bragg diffraction angle, and the FWHM of the diffraction peak of the (101) direction at 36.3° for ZnO films, respectively.
The mean grain sizes were calculated to be about 21nm for the ZnO films prepared at 90°C.
The EDS measurement was performed at a number of locations during the prepared ZnO samples, and the representative EDS patterns are shown in Figure 3.
The average size of the crystallites was determined from the peak using the Scherrer formula: D = 0.9 λ / B cos θ (1) where D, λ, B, θ, are the mean grain size, the x-ray wavelength of 0.154 nm, Bragg diffraction angle, and the FWHM of the diffraction peak of the (101) direction at 36.3° for ZnO films, respectively.
The mean grain sizes were calculated to be about 21nm for the ZnO films prepared at 90°C.
The EDS measurement was performed at a number of locations during the prepared ZnO samples, and the representative EDS patterns are shown in Figure 3.
Online since: February 2022
Authors: Valentina Vlasova, Alexey Chihranov, Arthur Klimov, Stanislav Vlasov
Introduction
To increase operational reliability, a number of products made of heat-resistant steel of the martensitic class 12X18H10T are strengthened by surface plastic deformation.
Similar problems were solved for a number of structural steels [3-6].
Another important result can be considered the study of the effect of nickel alloying of steels on the temperature of the cold fracture of the body and the grain boundaries of tungsten and chromium.
By changing the nickel concentration in the alloy, we can redistribute the embedding impurities that are dangerous from the point of view of their embrittlement between the boundary and the grain body.
Similar problems were solved for a number of structural steels [3-6].
Another important result can be considered the study of the effect of nickel alloying of steels on the temperature of the cold fracture of the body and the grain boundaries of tungsten and chromium.
By changing the nickel concentration in the alloy, we can redistribute the embedding impurities that are dangerous from the point of view of their embrittlement between the boundary and the grain body.
Online since: September 2021
Authors: Konstantine V. Nadaraia, Dmitry V. Mashtalyar, Sergey N. Suchkov, Vera V. Mostovaya, Igor M. Imshinetskiy, Sergey L. Sinebrukhov, Sergey V. Gnedenkov
Previously samples were machined with grinding paper in series with decrease in grain size down to 10 μm to standardize the surface.
The telomers in solution corresponds to the following chemical formula (1): R1–(C2F4)n–R2, (1), where R1, R2 (functional end groups) could be H; CH3; CH2COCH3, the maximum number of n does not exceed 15. 10 ml of the solution was evenly sprayed on each side of the sample at a pressure of 4 MPa; the distance between nozzle and the surface of the sample was 15 cm; then the samples dried in air and thermally treated in an L3/11 muffle furnace (Nabertherm, Germany) at a temperature of 275 °C for 60 min.
Further, the studied samples were mechanically processed with grinding paper with a decrease in the grain size down to 14-20 μm and polished on a Tegramin 25 grinding and polishing machine (Struers A/S, Denmark).
Number of cycle 1 2 3 4 5 CA at 25°C 159.7 159.1 161.2 150.2 135.0 CA at 0°C 104.8 109.4 105.3 113.3 120.6 Summary Formed composite coatings have superhydrophobic properties at room temperatures (T = 25 °C).
The telomers in solution corresponds to the following chemical formula (1): R1–(C2F4)n–R2, (1), where R1, R2 (functional end groups) could be H; CH3; CH2COCH3, the maximum number of n does not exceed 15. 10 ml of the solution was evenly sprayed on each side of the sample at a pressure of 4 MPa; the distance between nozzle and the surface of the sample was 15 cm; then the samples dried in air and thermally treated in an L3/11 muffle furnace (Nabertherm, Germany) at a temperature of 275 °C for 60 min.
Further, the studied samples were mechanically processed with grinding paper with a decrease in the grain size down to 14-20 μm and polished on a Tegramin 25 grinding and polishing machine (Struers A/S, Denmark).
Number of cycle 1 2 3 4 5 CA at 25°C 159.7 159.1 161.2 150.2 135.0 CA at 0°C 104.8 109.4 105.3 113.3 120.6 Summary Formed composite coatings have superhydrophobic properties at room temperatures (T = 25 °C).
Online since: June 2008
Authors: Pezhman Farhadi Sartangi, Seiyed Ali Asghar Akbari Mousavi
The micrograph
for the stress-relieved assembly (650°C), Fig 2a, exhibits a fine grain at Ti-side.
The variations in the width of the intermetallic phases is governed by the diffusion of constituent elements, grain growth of parent materials, residual stress produced during welding process, thermal mismatching between the flyer and base materials during the heating process and softening of base metals due to annihilation of structural defect [3].
The fast diffusion of Ti atoms creates a large number of vacancies in its matrix, and thus promotes larger diffusion distance of Fe, Cr and Ni atoms, in the Ti-side.
• A number of brittle intermetallic phases such as σ, Fe2Ti, FeTi, Fe2TiO4 and FeTi2.603O0.35 were identified in interface, which grew in size significantly with increase in heating temperature
The variations in the width of the intermetallic phases is governed by the diffusion of constituent elements, grain growth of parent materials, residual stress produced during welding process, thermal mismatching between the flyer and base materials during the heating process and softening of base metals due to annihilation of structural defect [3].
The fast diffusion of Ti atoms creates a large number of vacancies in its matrix, and thus promotes larger diffusion distance of Fe, Cr and Ni atoms, in the Ti-side.
• A number of brittle intermetallic phases such as σ, Fe2Ti, FeTi, Fe2TiO4 and FeTi2.603O0.35 were identified in interface, which grew in size significantly with increase in heating temperature
Online since: December 2008
Authors: Volker Liedtke, K. Mergia, T. Speliotis, G. Apostolopoulos, S. Messoloras
After oxidization in the temperature range 1100 to 1450o C re-crystallization of HfO2 takes
place which results in grain growth.
The Pt mass deposition was estimated to be of the order of the mass gain monitored during the re-entry test cycles and thus, the mass gain/loss curves versus the number of cycles can not be quantified. 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1450oC HfO2/SiC Intensity (cps) 2Θ EX53 HfSiO4 SiO2 HfO2 1100 oC HfO2/SiC SiC HfO2/SiC Fig.2.
The XRD spectra showed no change of the crystallographic structure of the HfO2 coatings after the re-entry tests and, as in the case of oxidization in air, grain growth is observed.
The crack size increases with the number of re-entry cycles and is in the range of about 1 to 3 µm.
The Pt mass deposition was estimated to be of the order of the mass gain monitored during the re-entry test cycles and thus, the mass gain/loss curves versus the number of cycles can not be quantified. 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1450oC HfO2/SiC Intensity (cps) 2Θ EX53 HfSiO4 SiO2 HfO2 1100 oC HfO2/SiC SiC HfO2/SiC Fig.2.
The XRD spectra showed no change of the crystallographic structure of the HfO2 coatings after the re-entry tests and, as in the case of oxidization in air, grain growth is observed.
The crack size increases with the number of re-entry cycles and is in the range of about 1 to 3 µm.
Online since: April 2007
Authors: Hong Quan Liu, Ying Song, Fu Ping Wang
W.Koshibae educed the follow formular,
)
)1(
( 4 3 Xg
Xg
Ln
e
k
S B
−
−
= (2)
where kB is the Booltzmann constant, g3, g4 are the number of the configurations of Co
3+,Co
4+
respectively, X is the concentration of Co
4+ion [22].
TE performances of polycrystalline samples are seriously affected by the grain boundaries.
So grain boundary engineering will be a new task for enhancing TE performances of polycrystalline materials.
The next generation of TE materials will tremendously alter a number of high-tech industries.
TE performances of polycrystalline samples are seriously affected by the grain boundaries.
So grain boundary engineering will be a new task for enhancing TE performances of polycrystalline materials.
The next generation of TE materials will tremendously alter a number of high-tech industries.