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It contains a number of outer convex of gravel, which meets certain grain size distribution.
In this paper, Monte Carlo method is adopted to generate some outer convex of gravel accord with certain grain size distribution.
In the beginning, a number of micro cracks gradually occur before macro cracks appear in each specimen.

Introduction Rice husks are the hard protecting coverings of grains of rice.
In addition, the increase number of vehicles globally has cause an increased in the production of used engine oil.
A number of mixes have been chosen so that the performance of concrete with different admixtures can be compared.
This was due to the effects of used engine oil and in deflocculating the agglomeration or lumps of cement grains.

Introduction Rice is an important grain crops, and also is one of the crops which needs more water, so the yield and quality of rice will be affected by long term water stress.
From the figures, it can be seen that there are well linear relationship between (Tc-Ta) and VPD at three growth stages of rice, especially at heading and grain filling, its fitting is the highest which may be relate to the transpiration and photosynthesis and other physiology change during the rice vegetative growth into reproductive growth.
Acknowledgments: This research was funded by the Major research projects on Science and Technology of Liaoning Province (No.201121002), the “Key theories and techniques of rice,wheat and corn cultivation for sustainable super-high-yield”(The National Key Technology Support of China,grant number:2011BAD16B14)”,Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest”(Impact of climate change on agricultural production of China,grant number:200902003),and also the special funds of specially-appointed professor in Liaoning province.

Introduction This Based on data published by Yatim [1], it showed the knee joint is the most common case compared to other bone joints, with the number of adults being 55% and children 40%.
Characterization data of Ti6Al4V material were presented in the form of graphs, numbers, and photographs obtained from the results of SEM, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF).
XRD (Identification of Ti6Al4V Phase) Phase identification using XRD was carried out to determine the differences and compare phases in a solid or powder material to analyze structural properties (grain size, crystalline orientation composition phase, and crystal defects) from each phase [9].
Phase identification to identify crystallinity and phase of Ti6Al4V, analyze grain size, find out the crystal orientation index and phase composition in Ti6Al4V detected at diffraction peaks from XRD test results.

Introduction Diffraction line profile analysis proved to be a powerful tool to determine the microstructure of crystalline materials in terms of (i) crystallite size, (ii) dislocation structure [1-4] and (iii) planar defects either in bulk polycrystalline samples [5,6] or on the single grain level [7].
The analysis of the microstructure in textured materials, especially the determination of the microstructure in strongly textured thin films or multilayers or in the different grain populations corresponding to the different texture components in textured bulk polycrystalline aggregates is a specific challenge.
In laboratory experiments diffraction patterns can be measured by a dedicated special double-crystal diffractometer with negligible instrumental broadening suggested first by Guinier [25] and applied successfully in a large number of works, cf. [14-22,26].
Slip system activity, dislocation density and twin plane frequency are given as a function of the temperature of deformation in Fig. 1, where the twinning frequency b means that the twin planes are separated by a number of 1/b planes on the average.
In the latter case, the enhanced hkl related information can be used to deduce Burgers vector population, dislocation densities or the prevalence of active slip systems in different texture components or even in individual grains, cf. [7].

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the cross-section, of the length 34 mm, HTc superconducting Bi-based tape, indicating the existence of the nano-structural defects (black points – among others nano-pores and CuO2 grains).
The pinning interaction of pancake vortices with the nano-sized centers In the performed scanning electron microscopy analysis of the HTc Bi-2223 multifilament tape shown in Fig. 1, it has been observed existence of the copper oxide grains and nanopores.
The influence of the interplanes interaction ( k – number of the interacting CuO2 planes) on the current-voltage characteristics of the HTc layered superconductor the current-voltage characteristics are determined, taking into account the forward and backward flux creep processes.
Calculated according to this model current-voltage characteristics for the layered HTc superconductor in the function of the number of the interacting CuO2 planes containing the pancake vortices, marked by the parameter k are shown in the Fig. 3.
We have considered then the case in which magnetic field penetrates the superconducting material not only through the magnetic vortices but also by the normal state inclusions, observed just in the scanning electron microscopy, for instance holes and normal grains.

Cai et. al [12] reviewed some methods of measuring topographical features of grinding wheels and compared three measurement methods, some parameters describing the wheel and grain characteristics were defined.
As shown in Fig.1, the vitrified bond CBN with grit number #240 is subsequently used in the grinding experiments.
By minimizing the surface roughness as a goal of process optimization, these values can be naturally transformed to S/N ratio η (signal-to-noise ratio) with the following formula (1) where is the S/N ratio, is the number of measured values in a trial, is the measured value for therepetition.
It is found that a thin layer which may be plastically deformed layer is formed in the area A, crystalline grains are out of shape, and the boundaries of which are not distinct.
u A thin layer which may be plastically formed layer caused by grinding temperature and extrusion was found after grinding, and the grain boundaries were not distinct.

The microstructure of EB-PVD top coat is characterized by a columnar grain structure.
In addition, because the EB-PVD top coat contains many inter columnar gaps between the grains from the as-deposited stage [8,9], it is too difficult to distinguish between these initial cracks and those nucleated by thermal cycles.
Substrate Electron Beam Vapor Ingot ND [100] RD [001] AD [010] 25 µm Columnar grain growth direction <100> <010> 25 µm (2) Thermal fatigue failure life No international standards have not been established yet by which thermal fatigue failure life of TBCs is evaluated.
Taking account of these conflicting factors, the thermal fatigue life was defined by the number of cycles at which the spalling-off of the top coat arrives at 10 % of the total top coat area in the TBC specimen.
Are there no Fig. 5 Effect of bond coat alloy systems on thermal fatigue failure life. 0 500 1000 1500 2000 Number of cycles to Spalling [cycles] CoNiCrAlY TBC specimen (APS) CoNiCrAlY TBC specimen (EB-PVD) HaynesC22 TBC specimen (EB-PVD) CoNiCrAlY+B TBC specimen (EB-PVD)scale effect?

These new systems present comparative advantages: no additives are needed to promote precipitation, a costly magnetic alignment step is not required and it is easier to obtain efficient magnetic coupling due to the reduction in the number of involved phases.
It is widely known that Fe probes in borides have positive δ ranging from 0.05 to 0.3 mm/s which depends on the number of B and Fe nearest neighbours to the Fe sites, and on the Fe-Fe interatomic distances [9].Therefore, the isomer shifts of the boride magnetic sextets that were close to zero or negative, confirm the dilution of RE in the crystalline phases formed during the rapid quenching of the ribbons.
Grain size estimated using the Debye-Scherrer formula, varied from 20 to 80 nm.
An excessive grain growth may also contribute to this low value.
The smallest grain size was around 20 nm, which may be too large to prevent domain wall nucleation in this type of magnets [3].

Five asphalt pavement structures on different base type Structure No.1 Structure No.2 Structure No.3 Structure No.4 Structure No.5 mix base type mix base type mix base type typical semi-rigid base type typical flexible base type surface layer 4cm Fine-grained asphalt concrete (E=1400Mpa,µ=0.30) middle layer 5cm Middle-grained asphalt concrete (E=1200Mpa,µ=0.30) sub layer 6cm Coarse-grained asphalt concrete (E=1000Mpa,µ=0.30) upper- base 16cm Graded macadam (E=400Mpa, µ=0.30) 10cm Asphalt stabilized macadam (E=800Mpa, µ=0.30) 8cm Asphalt stabilized macadam (E=800Mpa, µ=0.30) 16cm5% cement stabilized macadam (E=1500Mpa, µ=0.25) 10cm Asphalt stabilized macadam (E=800Mpa, µ=0.30) base － － 12cm Graded macadam (E=400Mpa, µ=0.30) － － base 17cm5% Cement stabilized macadam (E=1500Mpa, µ=0.25) 20cm5% Cement stabilized macadam (E=1500Mpa, µ=0.25) 15cm5% Cement stabilized macadam (E=1500Mpa, µ=0.25) 17cm5% Cement stabilized macadam (E=1500Mpa, µ=0.25) 20cm Graded macadam (E=350Mpa
By the data in Fig.2 to Fig.4 and Table 2 to Table 4, various structural stress and strain properties are sequenced, serial from number ① to number ⑤ which performance is form good to worse, as shown in Table 5. 4 Conclusions Based on the Current Specification of asphalt pavement design in China [1], the paper Study the mechanical properties of mix base structure, in view of the domestic common semi-rigid base structure and flexible base structure.