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Introduction One of the main features of modern high technologies is the desire to create and use new materials that have, in addition to a unique combination of mechanical, physical, and other properties, the ability to actively respond to changes in external conditions or external influence (smart materials).
The aim of this work is to study the regularities of formation of nanostructured surface layers of materials based on Ti50Ni48.5Co1.5 diffusion metallization of mechanically activated powder and subsequent thermomechanical treatment for functional and mechanical properties.
Summary The studies found that the formation of surface-modified layers of materials with SME by a complex method, comprising diffusion metallization of mechanically activated powders based on Ti50Ni48.5Co1.5 – coated steel 3 with subsequent thermomechanical treatment, allowed a nanostructured state to form in the surface layers with increased functional, mechanical, and performance properties.
Rusinov, Mechanical and tribological properties of the composition “steel-nanostructured surface layer of a material with shape memory effect based TiNiCu”, Applied Mechanics and Materials 592–594 (2014) 1325–1330
Blednova, Surface modification of parts material shape memory TiNiCo with a view to providing a functional and mechanical property as a factor in resource, Journal of Surface Engineered Materials and Advanced Technology 4 (2014) 348–358

As we all know that, the smooth of the railway is the main factor to influence and control the speed of traffic [1].
Normalizing treatment after welding had played an important role in refining grain size to the weld regions and base metal, and the mechanical properties of the material had been improved.
However, the HAZ area which carried on normalizing treatment and stress relief annealing, the hardness of which were smaller than that of welding condition, especially after stress relief annealing, the hardness dropped 57HV.By comparing the three kinds of heat treatment condition hardness distribution in Fig. 3 could be seen that, normalizing treatment made the weld regions and basic material mechanical properties improve, and stress relief annealing made the joint mechanical properties decline.
(2) Normalizing treatment and stress relief annealing were carried on the welded joint, the results showed that normalizing treatment can improve the mechanical property of weld joint.
However stress relief annealing made the joint mechanical properties decline.

Introduction Since the discovery by Smolensky and co-workers in 1954[1], relaxor ferroelectrics have attracted continual interest due to their unusual properties.
Large dielectric permittivity observed in a broad temperature range and high piezoelectric coefficients accompanied by an almost hysteresis-free actuation strain have made relaxors a material of choice for high-end industrial applications converting mechanical into electrical forms of energy and vice versa [2-4].
It depends on the DW 3d elastic properties which are strongly affected at low temperature by local electric fields via the anisotropic Coulomb gap formation [21].
The collective pinning is dramatically affected by the anomalous temperature dependence of the DW elasticity which is gradually lifted by a thermally activated normal screening.
To quantitatively fit the experimental results, the other factors such as the dielectric rule of PNRs, the relaxior of dipoles located inside BaZrO3 cells need considered.

Physical properties, i.e., porosity (f), pores per inch (PPI) and thickness (x), of Al-Co open-cellular porous material were 0.87, 13 and 0.103 m, respectively.
The performance of cooling system is governed by several parameters such as radiative properties of porous media, the volumetric heat transfer coefficient between the solid phase and fluid, fluid velocity and irradiation.
Modeling of last four physical properties is summarized in Krittacom [13]. kf and ks are the thermal conductivity of a gas and solid phases, and Tf and Ts are temperature of gas and solid phases, respectively.
The trend of both temperatures was increased along the porous thickness affected from irradiation of the infrared lamps.
Thus, the characteristic of fluid flow effecting to the quantity of HVF and radiation properties of porous material was strongly efficient to transpiration cooling system.

Fig.1 Schematic diagram of air film semi-continuous casting with magnetic field Results and discussion Effects of frequency on surface quality Stability of air film is the key factor to air film casting process, and it can be observed directly.
The mechanical balance of meniscus can not be undermined, and the air film is stable; as a result, the fold disappeared, but a lot of segregations appeared on ingot surface, as shown in Fig. 2(b).
Surface exudation is determined by primary cooling intensity and the height of solidified shell, which mainly affect (affects) the solute concentration near the ingot surface [8,9].
In the process of air film casting, the thickness of air film affects the primary cooling of the mould.
Effect of low frequency electromagnetic field on the as-cast microstructures and mechanical properties of superhigh strength aluminum alloy.

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the surface properties and corrosion behavior of Co-Cr alloys ground by employing Electrolytic In-process Dressing (ELID) grinding; this evaluation was carried out by abrading the alloy surfaces using ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE).
Further, surface modification techniques that provide biomaterials with useful properties are also needed [6-9].
The evaluation of surface modification technique for biomaterials is often performed by taking a single factor into consideration instead of combining such factors as corrosion, wear and fatigue.
This sort of evaluation is not always sufficient to predict the exact effects when a biomaterial is introduced in a live body, where various degradation factors synergistically affect it.
The Co-Cr alloy has high corrosion resistance due to the passive layer on its surface; however, this layer can be damaged by some factors, including abrasion.

As a result, great attention is now focused on resource-saving stainless steels, that is high-nitrogen austenitic stainless steel (HNASS) showing not only low cost but also excellent mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, oxidization resistance and wear resistance etc. [1-5].
The two processes will affect each other unless recrystallization is complete before precipitation begins during the aging treatment [8].
The interaction between precipitation and recrystallization will affect microstructures and properties of the steel.
PZ is the Zener resistance caused by pinning of the second-phase particles. a is a shape factor.
After the formation of the recrystallized nucleus, the growth process of the grain is affected by the Zener resistance PZ.

Also, vanadium is an important alloying element in the production of iron and steel industries, due to its stable chemical properties, such as resistance to oxidization in air, salt solution, acid, and alkali solutions.
The main parameters affecting the vanadium extraction in NaOH solution were mass ratio of alkali-to-residue, reaction temperature, and reaction time.
Experimental factors and levels Level Factor R Tr (˚C) t (min) 1 3:1 140˚C 60 min 2 5:1 200˚C 120 min The results of L4(32) orthogonal experiment was presented in Table 4.
Thus, the most effective factors for vanadium leaching are reaction temperature and reaction time.
And, the reaction temperature and reaction time were investigated in the following experiments as the main factors.

On the Mutual Interaction between Mechanical Stresses and Internal Corrosion during Isothermal and Cyclic Oxidation of Nickel-Base Superalloys U.
These parameters seem to depend not only on the temperature and the alloy composition but also on the applied mechanical stress.
On the other hand, high-temperature-corrosion attack strongly deteriorates the mechanical properties of Ni-based superalloys.
Once internal corrosion has set in, additional factors have to be taken into consideration: The higher specific volume of the internal precipitates as compared to the substrate causes the generation of residual compressive stresses in the surface layer.
In agreement with Pieraggi [17] it can be concluded that the deteriorating effect of high-temperature corrosion attack (in this case internal nitridation) is not restricted to the corrosion-affected surface layer.

Laser welding double-sided tensile properties test shows the tensile strength at room temperature is 555 Mpa and 400 Mpa under 1000°C.
As it can be seen from the graph, welding speed in the technology factors has an important impact on crack sensitivity.
In weld microstructure the proportion of columnar crystal and equiaxial crystal decides to mechanical properties of welding.
In the experimental research, the mean of double-sided welding realizes the MX246A alloy welding, and performance of welding joint is more than 75% of the base material properties in the conditions of no other heat treatment.
When molten pool freezes, imbalance solidification causes the uneven distribution and high concentration of Mo at high temperature is oxidized, which produces adverse impact. 3) Laser welding double-sided tensile properties test shows that the tensile strength at room temperature is 555 Mpa, and is 400 Mpa under 1000°C.