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[] [] [] 100/25.0 0.70 352 15.56/ 22.61 31.95 125/31.25 0.78 402 16.63/24.16 31.95 150/37.5 0.83 452 17.64/25.62 31.95 175/43.75 0.87 502 18.6/27.0 31.95 200/50.0 0.91 552 19.5/28.31 31.95 Table 2 Structure and Material Parameters of Asphalt Pavement structure layer layer thickness[] layer moduli [] poisson ratio asphalt concrete of medium grain
aggregate 4 1400 0.25 asphalt concrete of coarse grain aggregate 6 1200 0.25 two ash[1] stabilized crushed-stones 2×20 1917(measured) 0.25 three ash[2] stabilized crushed-stones 20 1540(measured) 0.25 earth subgrade —— 50(measured) 0.35 Note: [1] include cement and fly-ash-flushed-by-seawater, [2] include cement, lime and fly-ash-flushed-by-seawater 3-D Finite Element Model of the Pavement Structure The ABAQUS FEM model was established with Solid Element of C3D8R.The size of pavement structure is .Four vertical planes of the model have no horizontal displacement and bottom
Acknowledgements This work was financially supported by the national natural science fund， the number of funded project is 51078242.

In a number of studies, niobium has been shown to be very effective in this way [1].
In the Nb alloy, see Fig.1a, there are large grains composed of alternating lamellae of a2-Ti3Al and g-TiAl.
It is composed of grains (dark) having a lamellar sub-structure consisting of a2-Ti3Al and g-TiAl phases, similarly to the previous one.

N and Ni mean number of cycles and fatigue crack initiation cycles, respectively.
The authors proposed a new analysis method to define aspect ratio of crack at notch root using average ferrite grain size df.
Grain boundary Surface Initial crack Slip band PSB σ σ N =Ni N/Ni≅0 Fracture surface Fig. 1 Schematic illustration of fatigue crack initiation process of carbon steels[7].

The distinctive feature of FGC is that it cellulates mainly due to the porous structure of the hydrated cement itself as well as due the injection of fine- or coarse-grained porous aggregate into the cellulated concrete.
Homogeneity is associated with the quantity of porous binder (foam concrete components varying in physico-mechanical and physico-chemical properties, in porosity, etc.) and highly porous coarse-grained aggregate (foam glass); it is also linked to the production method [8-17].
FGC porosity was maximized by using a novel (locally made) protein-based foaming agent Belpor-1om coupled with injecting a coarse-grained porous aggregate (granulated foam glass), also locally made. [5-7] The author-proposed technology is based on a multi-stage procedure.
Coarse-grained porous aggregates were injected into the foam concrete to reduce shrinkage deformations of the products while also making them drier.
Minimum labor intensity as well as minimum number of operations to make the prototypes; 3.

The particle size of MoS2 is 2-10 µm and each grain shows a flat and flaky shape.
Each MoS2 grain is covered with many small spherical grains of Cu of 1-2 µm in diameter though the Cu grains seem to be separated in Fig. 2.
References [1] I.Shiota, A.Yumoto, H.Kohri and N.Niwa: Tribology of Babbitt Metal with Solid Lubricants, AUSTRIB2006, paper number 0126

Meanwhile, the application of Al-Mg-Si alloys has been extended as the conductive components and heat radiation components with the increase in numbers of electrical and hybrid automobiles.
In this study, a recrystallized grain structure with similar texture is expected for all the examined conditions, because all specimens were solution heat-treated under the same conditions (at 823K for 50s) followed by various natural and artificial aging conditions.
The crack that occurred on an outside surface of the specimen during the bending test developed straight into the specimen across some grains.
Therefore, it can be considered that there were no significant differences in the texture and the grain size of all the specimens.
As described above, in all specimens, there is no difference in the texture and the grain size, and the amount of solid solution atoms monotonously decreased as the artificial aging time increased.

Finer nano-grains are observed on the films and the surface characteristics of the other thin films are similar.
Notably, the grain size of the present thin film was at 22~46nm. 500 nm (a) (b) Fig. 1 Sn-Al sputtering thin films (380 nm): (a) appearances (b) the surface characteristic.
In fact, increasing the thickness of the film, not only raised its index of crystalline (IOC), but also enhanced the growth of nano-grains because of the longer sputtering duration.
In order to avoid the effects of film thickness, grain size and IOC, the 380nm film was subjected to recrystallization (referred to as 380nm-H) at 200℃ for 1hr in a vacuum, then cooled to room temperature with a cooling rate of 0.5℃/min.
As for the Sn-Cu films, due to the large number of IMCs, the in higher frequency EMI shielding of the annealed Sn-Cu thin films deteriorated.

The method is very versatile, and has shown over the years that it can be used to synthesize a great number of different nanosized materials [2]: pre-ceramics nanopowders, Si, SiC, FeC, fullerenes, nanotubes, oxides like TiO2, and more recently metallic carbides like TiC [3].
The short time spent by the species, generated by the decomposition of the precursors, and the particles in the laser beam limits the grain growth.
In the literature, the nanosize effects appear more clearly when the host grains are below 20 nm in diameter.
In our samples, a first population of grains (sizes > 10 - 15 nm) could then be excited in the conventional CTB (260 nm), while the signature of a second population of grains (sizes < 10 - 15 nm) can only be detected when excited at 350 nm in the unknown broad band.

In the fractured region, a large number of high concentration gas gushed from fissure.
Based on lithology phase transition characteristics, this group strata can be divided into three sections: upper lithology is composed of gray to gray-black mudstone, sandy mudstone and gray medium and fine-grained sandstone; the middle lithology consists of dark gray to gray-black mudstone, sandy mudstone, limestone, gray medium and fine-grained sandstone, three-layer marine limestone as well as two to five coal seams, and this segment contains three layers of limestone from bottom to up sequentially as K2, K3 as well as K4, in which the layer is stable, great thickness, fractured; the under lithology is made up of dark gray to gray-black mudstone, light gray aluminum mudstone and three to four coal seams, which is the major coal-bearing segment of Taiyuan formation and in which the 9, 10, 11 seam are mine field main workable coal seams.
The bottom boundary of the group K1 sandstone is a layer of light gray fine-grained quartz sandstone, which is developmental instability in the mine field, whose regular phase transition is gray mudstone and sandy mudstone.
Oppositely, when the roof was porous or brittle fractured development rock (such as conglomerate, coarse-grained sandstone, etc.), the coal seam gas is easily to escape.

However, many studies concentrated on the interaction between single pure oxide compounds and Cordierite, while mixed compound ashes containing phosphate or sulfate compounds (as known to be main constituents of many real DPF ashes) were examined only in a limited number of studies [3,4,19].
Instead, a phase rich in Al and Si forms a boundary phase, separating individual grains of a homogenous Ca-Mg-Zn phosphate phase (Fig. 1b).
The small size of the grain boundary phase excluded the determination of its exact composition by EDX.
The following model was developed to explain the observed corrosion behavior: At 1000 °C, the ash mixture is partially molten, but still contains a high proportion of crystals which trap melt on grain boundaries.
During cooling, Al and Si containing phases exsolve from the phosphate melt, forming the grain-boundary phase dividing the phosphate within the ash into numerous small bodies.