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In addition, Embraer believes that SHM can also provide facilitated damage detection in areas with restricted access, early detection of structural damages and reduction of maintenance costs for current and future aircrafts.
Unlike CVM, Lamb Waves approach is more complex and requires a high speed DAQ (Data Acquisition) hardware and sophisticated computer algorithms to handle all data signals.
(a) Thickness reduction in aeronautical aluminum; (b) Delamination detection in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) In addition, LW sensors were installed in the E-Jets FSFT and in the barrel test article.
And, the A-SHM application type will be the installation of not only sensors and cables but also SHM interrogators and data recorders into the aircraft.
Compliance with other standards, such as RTCA/DO-200A (Standards for Processing Aeronautical Data) or RTCA/DO-254 (Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware) may also be required, depending on the on-board equipment complexity.

A method of loading by displacement was used in the simulation, and the initial value of rolling process parameters is shown in Table 1: Table 1 Technic parameters of simulation model of rolling Parameter Cumulative reduction Pressure speed Rotate speed of rolling head Values 4.5mm 1mm/s 600r/min Boundary conditions.
It could be seen that difference between the two algorithms is not obvious, but the results obtained after optimization have significant reduction when compare with results before optimization, and the maximum stress after optimization reduced by about 50%.
Comparing with the data obtained from simulation before optimization, the data after optimization had been greatly improved.
Comparing with the data before optimization, maximum residual stress of outer ring after optimization reduce by about 25%, the contact stress of inner surface is less than 10MPa, and by analyzing the simulation results, it can be known that the maximum dimensional deviation is less than 0.03mm
Optimization and experimental analysis in this paper provide a theoretical basis and the underlying data for the study on forming process of self-lubricating spherical plain bearings’ outer ring.

ILSS results from both models are compared to experimental data in order to assess whether a 2D shell model can be used instead of its 3D counterpart, in favour of design versatility.
It consists in interface debonding between the plies that form a laminate and can lead to reductions of structural stiffness and even premature failure of the component, with respect to predicted strength.
In this paper experimental data are compared with numerical results from 2D and 3D models of a carbon/epoxy laminate specimen subject to short span three-point bending.
ILSS allowable calculated through Eq. 1 from specimens experimental data were found to be lower than the allowables of both the raw materials used for the specimens.

In order to validate the proposed method, the EBSD data are compared with the stored energy values obtained from neutron diffraction measurements.
In this paper, an approach of the EBSD data is then presented taking into account the image quality distributions calculated for deformed copper after wire-drawing.
Then, a cold wire-drawing process was applied, producing 6.30 mm diameter wires (reduction level in the area is equal to 38 %).
Volume fraction Vx related to the <111> and <100> fibers calculated from EBSD data (the relative error reaches: ∆= ± 0.04).

The obtained data analysis allows us to conclude about the pattern of electrical conductivity distribution on the surface of test materials with different coatings depending on the quantitative composition of flux when creating boron-based strengthening coatings.
Also, the reduction of boriding time, combined with the use of specialized fluxes, eliminates the need to create a protective gas environment.
Data on the results of studying the structure of coatings obtained in the framework of using the SHS process during induction heating of modified mixtures (flux P-0.66 content on 65G steel is 25 and 45%) are presented in figures 1-8.
Figures 5-7 show data indicating the formation of a similar structure of boron-based strengthening coatings with a clearly defined boundary with the base metal when the amount of flux P-0.66 increases in the modified mixture.

During power flow calculation with newly established network data in power system planning, divergence may occur because of the ill-condition by singularity of power flow Jacobian or bad initial guesses.
In the system planning stage, engineers need to cope with newly established network data for future electrical power systems to capture the possible problems in terms of static security and hence to come up with countermeasures against them.
In [10], a homotopy function, which starts from the initial mismatch to the final solution, for ill-conditioned cases was proposed, and a practical continuation method was applied to trace the path of solutions to the function with respect to the change of homotopy parameter representing the reduction of the initial mismatch.
With the input data, after 5 NR iteration, the solution converged, but three generators changed their bus type from PV to PQ bus and two became back to PV mode.

To improve the quality of the grown Si ingots, a reduction of coating material is desired.
SIRP data however shows an opposite trend and the residual strain is higher in crystal 1 than in crystal 2 and lowest in crystal 3.
This can be confirmed by simulation data as given in Fig. 6 [6].
(a) (b) Fig. 6 (a) Simulation of the von-Mises stress [6] accumulating during growth (b) overlapping of simulation data and SIRP image of crystal 1 The similarity between the simulation data and the experimental data is clearly visible.
SIRP measurements and simulation data confirm the higher strain accumulation in the outer edges of the crystal.

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are computational algorithms implemented by software programs that analyzes data in the same way as human brain functions to learn, generalize and solve the problems based on experience.
Data analysis.
The data were analyzed based on type of additive.
Data were randomly divided in to two groups; training and test set.
Results and discussion The data analysis results revealed that the type of additive was the critical factor that affected the response factor in different patterns.

In designing of steel structures there is a particular tendency towards reduction of weight of steel structures with the same load-carrying capacity.
The latter consists of the objective function, a system of conditional inequalities, variables and constants (impute data).
All the necessary input data, such as loads, global geometry, material characteristic, allowable stresses and strains are defined by scalars.
The basic data are the same as for the stress analysis but it is necessary to add also the data required for optimization of the structure [4, 5].
Those data are: • 45 control data for optimization and convergence, • groups of structural variables and type of cross section, • adaptation of elements to respective groups of structural variables, • data on local structural variables with the data on the geometry of cross section, • data on prescribed limitations (allowable stresses, displacement, prescribed natural frequency).

The emergence of a large number of data, image and other aspects of the communication demand directly make the data communication network faster and faster.
CDMA is widely used in wireless network data transmission for its system is stable, flexible, convenient advantages in high quality English media teaching.
Data transmission of information technology industry has been developed to produce a number of high intelligence, high tech equipment.
The technology which is the most important feature to support data transmission function, can make the dispersed equipment complete and rapid completion of the seamless communication possible, and provide a long-term path to solve these scattered point data interchange.
(2) The technology of data transmission can make the communication of class more effectively possible, and provide a long-term path to solve these scattered point data interchange