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The decrease of the cutting edge radius is limited by the tool grinding technology and the grain size of the corresponding tool material.
The results have shown that the TiN, TiCN, TiAlN, CrN and CrTiAlN coatings reduce the edge radius wear as compared to uncoated fine grained carbide end mills.
The tool edge wear of three flute fine grained tungsten carbide tools coated with TiAlN and measured tool edge radii in the range 2-5 μm has experimentally been examined in [7].
A number of FEA are run at cutting velocities between 104.7 - 4723 mm/s and uncut chip thickness in the range 0-20 μm.
A number of FEA are performed at different uncut chip thicknesses ( μm) and cutting velocities (104.7-4723 mm/s) for each edge radius.

Surface damage of the sample consists mostly of from missing grains and minor part is due to crack nucleation and propagation during quenching.
Obtained results of the surface detoriation are given versus number of quench experiments in figure 2.
Obtained results at damaged level of the samples show strong correlation with number of quench experiments (R =0.98).
Obtained results showed that surface degradation could be correlated with the number of quench experiments with high coefficients of correlation.
This could be used for lifetime prediction of specimen during thermal shock testing presented as number of quench experiments.

Recently SPEA was modified in order to incorporate a fine-grained fitness assignment strategy, a density estimation technique and an enhanced archive truncation method –SPEA2 algorithm [4].
Meanwhile a number of other multiobjective evolutionary algorithms have been proposed, such as the algorithm of Knowles and Corne[5,6] , which is based on an evolution strategy.
Spatial dispersal: offspring are randomly distributed over the n dimensional search space by normally distributed random numbers with mean equal to zero; but varying variance.
sd=(sdmax−sdmin)∗(itermax−iter)miterm max+sdmin (1) where iter max is the maximum number of generations, iter is the current number of generation and m is the nonlinear modulation index.  4.
Competitive exclusion: with the growth and reproduction of weeds, after passing several generation, the number of weeds in a colony will reach its maximum.

The result shows that this system can measure the size of impurity particles of XLPE cable materials correctly, it also can find out the accurate location and numbers of impurity particles.
Therefore, some means of testing are needed to detect the number and size of the defects in the crosslinked polyethylene material [1-3].
Since each pixel length of CCD device TCD132D is 14μm, as long as the number of pixels are calculated, the pixel size can be determined.
By the above measured points, the number of pixels and pixel size can be determined respectively.
When defect size is greater than 1000μm, it is needless to determine the specific size, only define them as bulky grains.

Additional studies on other titanium alloys illustrate the effect of α grain size, α-β colony width and lamellae thickness, prior-β grain size the volume fraction and morphology of primary α, transformed β and aged martensite on mechanical properties [37, 95, 99, 100, 107, 109, 110].
The α/β recrystallisation temperature and time helps to adjust the primary α volume fraction and size together with determining the β grain size.
In general PM material consists of a finer grain size compared with those found in material produced by ingot metallurgy.
However, there are only a limited number of studies which illustrate the effect of microstructure on the fracture toughness of PM produced Ti-6Al-4V alloy.
KIC = 44~66 (MPa.m1/2) KIC = 88~110 (MPa.m1/2) KIC = 32 (MPa.m1/2) Fig. 6: Typical fracture toughness for different microstructures [37] Hamai and Sugiura investigated the effect of β –grain size on the mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V and according to their study it is clear that an increase in grain size increases fracture toughness [119].

The formation of microporosity in aluminum alloys is mainly controlled by factors such as melt hydrogen content, cooling rate, alloying elements, modification, grain refinement, inclusion content, superheat and external pressure [7-10].
A large number of clusters are not measured, as shown in Fig. 3a.
The number of clusters approach to the true value, as shown in Fig. 3c.
The microporosity in Fig. 2 was studied quantitatively by plotting the effect of R on the number of clusters and the total number of pores in the clusters, as shown in Fig. 4.
This is the true number of clusters.

A large number of stress-strain data are obtained.
The sand particle diameter is below 5mm, the grain size distribution belongs to grade Ⅱ, fineness modulus 2.4, medium sand, and the apparent density is 2.5g/cm3.
Fig.1 The model of filled fracture with variable medium Table 1 Parameters of filled fractures Sample number Fracture width /mm Filling medium Thickness /mm Variation (Water ratio /%) Volume /cm3 Density /g/cm3 Weight /g 5-3 5.8 5.8 10 28.37 1.13 32 5-4 6.1 6.1 20 30.19 1.16 35 5-5 5.2 5.2 30 25.33 1.18 30 6.5-3 6.3 6.3 10 30.75 1.30 40 6.5-4 6.9 6.9 20 33.81 1.33 45 7.5-1 7.8 7.8 30 38.45 1.22 47 10-3 11.6 11.6 10 57.42 1.24 71 10-4 11.2 11.2 20 55.00 1.27 70 10-5 10.7 10.7 30 52.01 1.27 66 Experimental design The experiment is conducted in mechanics laboratory center in Zhengzhou University.

Besides, this study has also demonstrated that concrete with coarse-grained rubber (425 micrometers) has higher electrical resistivity than concrete with fine-grained rubber (75 micrometers).
Table 1: The ratio of the component in the test-beams Input, kg/m3 Sample number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Cement 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 1950 Sand 5850 5760 5660 5560 5470 5370 5270 5180 5080 Water 780 680 580 480 380 280 180 80 -- Bitumen -- 160 360 560 760 960 1160 1360 1560 Water/Cement 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 The test-beams were hardening for 28 days, then their electrical resistances were measured by the two-pole method as follows.
Weeks 7 1 2 3 4 5 9 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1,00 1,30 1,60 1,90 2,20 2,50 2,80 3,10 3,40 , Lg R, KOhm KOhm Sample number 8 The electric resistance is measured with the DT9208A multimeter, its technical characteristics corresponding to the following requirements: input electric resistance is 10MOhm; lower measurement range limit is 200mOhm; upper measurement range limit is 200MOhm; inaccuracy is 0.8%.
Figure 2 demonstrates that the samples with greater content of bitumen emulsion (numbers 7-9) have the highest electrical resistance, and the sample without additives (number 1) has the lowest electrical resistance.
Table 2: The ultimate strength limit for test-beams Strength, MPa, for an age Sample number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 28 days (humid condition) 14.6 10.3 7.5 7.1 6.8 5.0 4.6 4.3 4.2 56 days (28 days in humid condition + 28 days in dry air) 20.0 18.9 18.2 18.8 14.2 12.2 12.0 11.1 8.0 According to the data from Table 2 replacement of 25% of mixing water by bitumen emulsion leads to lower strength while hardening in water during 28 days.

There are a number of patents that claim to have coating processes for magnesium and its alloys.
There are a number of factors to be considered when developing a coating process for an industrial application.
There are a large number of coating technologies available for protecting magnesium and its alloys.
The Mg17Al12 particles are distributed at boundaries of small, cored grains of α matrix.
In both the acidic and the alkaline baths investigated, uniform and fine grained copper immersion coatings were achieved. 3.

Powder materials include a number of properties that need to be controlled in the process of manufacturing structurally heterogeneous materials, which include pressing density, quality and relationship of contacts with each other, grain sizes (particles), component content, shape and size of powders, etc [4, 5, 6].
However, a number of methods for studying powder metallurgy are evaluated ambiguously [13, 14].
The screen number corresponds to the nominal size of the hole in millimetres [23, 24].
This graphic representation of the granulometric composition of the powder of structurally inhomogeneous materials makes it possible to estimate the change in dispersion, the degree of grinding-the ratio of the average grain size of the starting material AlCu2 to the average particle size of the crushed product, as well as specific energy costs.
In addition, the presence of a significant number of non-spherical (non-isometric) particles of AlCu2 powders was revealed, which is most expressed in the dispersed fraction (+0,125-0,1).