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Main mechanical properties of wood are [10]: axial compressive strength of 39 MPa, tensile strength of 84 MPa, flexural strength and elastic modulus of 70 MPa and 13000 MPa, respectively.
Composites properties (from technical sheets) are as follows (tensile strength and Elastic modulus are indicated, respectively): CFRP (2500 MPa, 230 GPa), GFRP (1300 MPa, 65 GPa), FFRP (710 MPa, 45 GPa), epoxy resin (70 MPa, 2.5 GPa) and primer (45 MPa and 2.5 GPa).
Mechanical strength is influenced by the timber and the environmental conditions.
CFRP and GFRP specimens showed a lot of voids within the composite system (Fig. 2), that affected bonding.
Cruz, A review of factors influencing the durability of structural bonded timber joints, Int.

Lira-Olivares2,c 1 Division of Mechanical and Control Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan, Chungnam, 336708, Korea 2 Surface Engineering Center, Simon Bolivar University, Sartenejas, Venezuela a carocurc@yahoo.com, bhsaum@sunmoon.ac.kr, c jlira@usb.ve Keywords: Sheet Metal Forming, Numerical Simulation, Forming Limit Diagram.
It was found that the holding force during the forming process deeply affects the results, and a range of values was established in which the process is assumed to give a good quality piece.
Incremental programs are computationally more intensive and require all the tooling information to be input, but they consider all the forming factors such as die geometry, blank shape, sheet thickness, blank holding force, friction and so on.
The material properties used were the same for both programs and are presented in Table 1.
Material properties used for the simulation of the part t [mm] E [MPa] ν [-] σy [MPa] K [MPa] n [-] 0.6 210000 0.3 271.6 550 0.2 The model used in the Inverse solver is shown in Fig. 1(a), and it has a total number of 4673 quadrilateral and 1383 triangular elements.

The preliminary results showed that coating steel with polypyrrole layer under different rotational speed can improve its corrosion resistance by a factor ranging from 1.2 to 1.88 depending on the operating conditions.
The advantages of aqueous electropolymerization are: (1) the aqueous solutions used are environmentally favorable, (2) the technique combines the formation of polymer and deposition of coating in one process and this process can be easily automated, (3) the production cost is relatively low and (4) the properties of the coatings can be controlled by varying the electrochemical parameters.
The above results can be attributed to the higher potential required for PPy layer formation at higher tartrate concentrations; this higher potential can affect the characteristics of the formed polypyrrole layer by over oxidation of the layer.
The above results can be attributed to that at higher solution pH lower corrosion of iron substrate takes place which reduce the amount of iron ions available for buffer layer formation and that can affect the homogeneity of the formed PPy layer and consequently affect its stability against corrosion while rotating in sodium chloride solution.
For examination under rotation conditions, the results show that coating steel with PPy layer can improve it corrosion resistance by a factor ranging from 1.2 to 1.88 compared to bare steel depending on the conditions at which the polymer layer was formed and the rotation speed.

Many problems must be considered, much workload has to be done, and different meshes can directly affect solution accuracy and solution scale.
There are many factors, which are unit type, mesh amount, mesh spacing and mesh equality, can affect the mesh generation.
Mesh amount is increased, solution accuracy will be improved, but solution scale also be enlarged, so how to choose mesh amount, must be took two factors into consideration.
Setting material properties is no essential difference between software, but operation has slightly difference.
[22] Xin Wang and Yunfei Mai: Mechanical Research and Application Vol. 9(2009), P. 43–46(In Chinese) [23] Z.

Although the use of high volume fly ash beyond this range is studied [2-3], but their mechanical and durability properties are inferior to those containing low volume fly ash.
The reduction of CH is the indication of greater proportion of C-S-H gel that results in improving the mechanical properties of mortar.
Contribution of fly ash to the properties of mortar and concrete.
Properties of Concrete Containing Ultra-Fine Fly Ash.
Reduction of cement consumption by the aid of silica nano-particles (investigation on concrete properties).

Duo to quality defects of welds and some other factors，stress concentration is critical in the typical beam-column welded connection.[7] So the brittle failure of the welds at the beam-column connections can happen more easily, which lead to the damage of steel frame.
In the paper，finite element models are established by using numerical methods to study the mechanical behavior of these kinds of connections.
The impact produced by design parameters Lb on the mechanical properties of the nodes is not apparent.
So properly raising the widened flange arc length may play a role on the mechanical property in some extent.
Widened beam flange width bwf mainly affects the stress values of beam surface near the column flange.

Structure reliability is affected by corrosion under both static and dynamic actions.
The lack of painting closely affects the reliability of the structure [4] , so that the maintenance process is crucial.
In particular, depending on the corrosiveness degree, different typologies of atmospheres are defined in [8] , whereas a corrosivity classification system to assess the influence of various factors on the damage process is provided in [11] .
The models were calibrated using an equivalent material achieved by interpolating the features of mild carbon steels and weathering steels, the latter appropriately used for structures in historical sites [25], so to have mechanical properties similar to those of wrought iron alloys.
Sepe, Peak factor statistics of wind effects for hyperbolic paraboloid roofs, Engineering Structures 173 (2018) 313-330

The volume of concrete expansion by the corrosion of steel lead to mechanical properties of steel degradation and the cohesive force between steels and concrete decreastion, seriously destroyed the reliability of marine engineering structure.
These mineral admixtures play an important role in improving the physical and chemical properties, increasing the compactness and the corrosion resistance ability.
'A Study of Factors Affecting The Flexural Tensile Strength Of Concrete'.
Properties of Concrete for use in Eurocode 2.
Fifty years properties of concrete.

However, accurate determination of the roll force during rolling at elevated temperatures is not obvious since it is affected by many factors, the primary amongst them being the flow stress of a rolled material.
These factors, along with the fact that the flow stress is not uniform along the roll gap, make determination of the average flow stress values in subsequent passes quite difficult.
The axisymmetric compression tests were conducted in the Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulator at the Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy in Gliwice [1] to determine the flow stress function of the Zn-Ti alloy investigated.
Due to lack of knowledge on physical and thermal properties of Zn-Ti alloy in the range of rolling temperature (50÷200oC), values representing relevant zinc properties were assumed in simulations: density – 7140 kg/m3, specific heat – 384 J/kgoC, thermal conductivity – 116 W/moC.
The following properties of cast-steel rolls were assumed: thermal conductivity – 30 W/moC, specific heat – 500 J/kgoC, density – 7800 kg/m3.

The physical and chemical properties of cement and bottom ash is given in Table 1.
The fresh properties of the concrete are as presented in Table 3.
The decreased in workability is due to two factors firstly, the micro pore in bottom ash absorbp both water and cement paste during the mixng, and secondly, the irregular shaped particles of bottom ash increased the inter-particle friction between aggregates hence decreasing its workability [13,14].
Table 3: The fresh properties of self-compacting concrete Sample BA0 BA10 BA15 BA20 BA25 BA30 Slump flow dia.
The results suggested that the bonding between aggregate and cement paste are the most important factor in affecting the strength of concrete especially the tensile strength.