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In the semi-solid forming process, aluminum is stirred from its molten state while decreasing the temperature to create semi-solid slurry with a controlled grain size, which is then injected into a die and formed with a press.
Semi-solid slurry with fine and globular primary particles was fabricated by using an electromagnetic stirrer (EMS) that controls grains size of A356 alloy.
For slurry without stirring it can be confirmed that a large number of rosette particles and a few fine-globular particle are distributed (Fig. 6 (b)).
But a large number of primary α-Al particles over 100 μm can also be seen, and the gap between primary α-Al particles is large due to a smaller number of primary α-Al particles.
This indicates that the less the number of primary α-Al particles in microstructure is the lower the elongation becomes.

Low working temperature of the fluid cylinder (lower than the brittle transition temperature), the coarse grain size of the fluid cylinder material and the extreme stress cycle can all lead to cleavage fracture.
Fig. 3(3) shows the crack source region of the crack B, a large number of fatigue strip morphology can been seen in the left portion of the figure, and the fatigue strips distribute in dissimilar heights and direction due to the presence of the second phase particles.
Elements V could refine the grain to strengthen the toughness; Mn and Si have solid solution strengthening effects to the ferrite in addition to strengthen of the material; Mo, Ni, Cu and P can improve the ability of corrosion resistance.
Table 2 Tensile test date Material Test Number Elongation [%] Reduction [%] Yield strength [MPa] Ultimate tension [KN] Tensile strength [MPa] E4330 1# 17.2 56.8 984.4 132.9 1065.4 2# 15.8 57.9 965.2 126.9 1043.2 3# 15.8 57.8 978.9 131.9 1063.9 Average 16.3 57.5 976.2 130.6 1057.5 The stress levels distribution was preliminary designed as table 3.
Table 3 Fatigue test stress levels Design Stress σa [MPa] Stress ratio σa/σb Test Number 634 -1 0.5995 1 621 -1 0.5872 2 608 -1 0.5749 3 595 -1 0.5626 4 582 -1 0.5504 5 569 -1 0.5381 6 556 -1 0.5258 7 543 -1 0.5135 8 529 -1 0.5002 9 Bending Fatigue Test.

To improve antifriction of higher pair contacting components, the paper proposes a new method by which a large number of micro-deep holes are fabricated on the surface of the contacting component.
The basic idea is that a large number of micro-deep holes are processed regularly on the surface of components, and these micro-deep holes can store extra lubricant.
Therefore, micro concave spots can not improve the lubrication state obviously by fabricating large number of micro concave spots on the surface of metal components [6, 7].
In the process of analyzing the fundamental of self-lubricating in organisms, it is found that there is not only close grain existing on the surface of organisms but also lots of capillary leading to the inner skin.
Based on this, a large number of micro-deep holes are fabricated on the surface of metal components to simulate the capillary in the skin layer of organisms.

To date, large number of agricultural wastes were successfully converted into activated carbon, for example cotton stalk [1], fox nut [3], pawlownia wood [4], date stone [5], lotus stalk [6], and argan seed shell [7].
This occurrence contributed to high iodine number, BET surface area and total pore volume as shown in Table 1.
According to Ozdemir et al. [18], high grade of activated carbon is those having iodine number values higher than 900 mgg-1.
This observation was expected as swamp taro stalk is lignocellulosic material which is made up with large numbers of functional groups.
The surface was occupied by grains and cavities as a result of dehydration of volatile matter which leaves rupture surface of different sizes and shapes of pore [23].

This means that the small number of large cracks were initiated and propagated selectively in the TNHT specimen.
The thermal fatigue test variables such as heating rate, cooling time, maximum and minimum temperature, and number of cycles were fully computer controlled.
The austenitizing treatment gave a nominal austenite grain size of about ASTM 10.
This means that the small numbers of large cracks were initiated and propagated selectively.
In the view point of the total crack number, the crack initiation was reduced to the extent of half after SN and TNHT treated specimen.

It was considered that the number of HfO2-rich (SiO2-rich) layers formed in the silicate film with known chemical composition depends only on the film thickness and does not vary with annealing temperature [27].
Along with this, the number of HfO2-rich/SiO2-rich stacks in the film is controlled by its chemical composition.
Although the presence of some defects inside this IL cannot be ruled out, one can assume that the main contribution to the C-V loop originates from the HfO2-rich phase and the formation of HfO2 crystallite grains.
Furthermore, one can expect that a pronounced crystallization of HfO2 grains observed for the samples annealed at TA=1100°C (Fig.1d) will result in a larger memory window.
High annealing temperature (>1000°C) leads to the formation of pure HfO2 tetragonal grains surrounded by SiOx host.

It was noted that an addition of Mg to the Zn matrix refines the grains but more than 3wt-% of Mg to the matrix forms clusters which deteriorate the property of the alloy in the as-cast condition.
Alloy number Alloys used in the present investigation A B C D E F Zn-Al-3Si Zn-Al-3Si-1Mg Zn-Al-3Si-2Mg Zn-Al-3Si-3Mg Zn-Al-3Si-4Mg Zn-Al-3Si-5Mg 2.
Fig.4 depicts the variation of hardness with alloy number.
Fig.5 (a) and 5 (b) represents the variation of the UTS and ductility with alloy number.
However, the value of ductility decreases and then increases with the alloy number The behavior of the alloy is very similar to the hardness versus alloy number.

Some raw materials spheres were formulated, assigned numbers form 1-1 to 1-11(shown in Fig.1), for examining the effect of electroplating sludge content on the appearance quality of burnt ceramsite at high temperature.
The content of electroplating sludge was raised from 0% to 100% in the raw spheres with a serial numbers from 1-1 to 1-11.
It was displayed that ceramsite size was decreased with the increase of the content of the electroplating sludge in raw spheres, especially beginning from a serial number of 1-6 raw sphere.
A grain size and grade of the ceramsite production were unfavourable to control.
Summary The influence of the incorporation of the electroplating sludge on the looking quality and mouldability of making grain of the ceramsite calcined by the composite materials of electroplating sludge and seabeach sludge were investigated in the paper.

There are papers indicating that due to twins’ intersection process, associated with the Mode 2 of crystal deformation, many regions of high-angle boundaries may emerge leading to significant changes inside the grains of the polycrystalline materials [1-5].
The density of twin clusters was calculated by measuring the number of twin clusters of one family perpendicularly to their habitus plane on a distance of 100 μm.
Considering that at the distance of 100 μm a certain number of twin clusters exists in a material, and correspondingly the same number of separating matrix bands, so the average thickness of a twin cluster is 100 μm divided by twice the number of measured twin clusters.
Only then, the appearing structures lead to refinement of the original crystal, which may be understood in terms of a single grain decomposition, into smaller portions of separate orientations.

The structure, ionic composition and the number of active sites were key factors determining the properties of electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors [1, 3].
SEM images of C-Ni, Fe2O3-Ni, and Fe2O3-C-Ni reveal the morphology evolution of nanospheres and nanowires into composite surface layer with numerous small grain protrusion (Fig. 1).
It can be seen that a large number of carbon particles grow on nickel foam in C-Ni (Fig. 1a).
Figure 1 SEM images of (a) C-Ni, (b) Fe2O3-Ni, (C) Fe2O3-C-Ni, and (d) foam Ni a d c b Compared with Fe2O3-Ni and C-Ni, surface layer of Fe2O3-C-Ni product by two precursor mainly present a dense film with numerous edge serrated steps and small grain protrusion (Fig. 1c).
In EDS mapping result (Fig. 3c), in addition to a large number of highly dispersed amorphous particles, a small number of near-spherical granular particles with diameters of 80-100 nm can be obviously observed.