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Blowing agents (BAs) are key components of a polyurethane formulation as they are needed to obtain the good cell structure foam formation.
The effect of increasing the amount of water as blowing agent to the cell structure may be explained through this possible mechanism.
Summary SEM micrographs revealed an increasing diameter of cell structures of the produced RPUF with an increasing amount of water as blowing agent.
It has been found that 1% is the optimum amount of water as blowing agent to produce a defined cell wall structure with larger cell size.
Foams”, Journal of The American Oil Chemistry Society, 84, 65-72 (2007)

The ratio of 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone to amino group in dye structure is 1:10.
These dye structures can be written as follows.
This indicated that the structures of the crosslinking dyes had great effect on the dye fixation.
With the reduction of the number of amino groups in the dye structure, the dye fixation also decreased.
These results revealed that the structure of the crosslinking dyes has great effect on the dye fixation.

Cavalheiro3,f 1PGRN, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados, Brazil. 2LIEC/CMDMC, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil. 3CPTREN, State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Navirai, Brazil.
Introduction Lead zirconate titanate PbZr1−xTixO3 (PZT) is a well-known piezoelectric perovskite structure of commercial and scientific importance.
The piezoelectric properties are consequence of the linear electromechanical interaction between the mechanical and the electrical states in crystalline structures with no inversion symmetry.
In addition, the alkaline earth cations substitute the lead one in A-site of perovskite structure, which can decrease the dielectric constant loss and increasing the electromechanical coupling.
The strontium (II) lead (II) cations have ionic radii close to one another, which avoids structure destabilization.

With the help of XRD, SEM, the crystal structure and micro-structure of the enamels with mill addition of quartz glass have been investigated, and the mechanism of the thermal shock resistance increasing was proposed.
Enamel crystal structure and microstructure analysis.
The enamel crystal structures are analyzed by X-ray Diffraction (D2 Phaser).
Crystal structure of the enamel layer.
When the temperature is increased to 800℃, the crystalline structures of TiO2 film becomes the pure anatase.

This structure is certainly simple but durable, usually seen in power reactors.
Design Characteristics Of hafnium Control Rod Structure Impact Resistance.
The stainless steel frame connects the control rods drive structure directly, and the hafnium plate rivets the stainless steel frame.
Control rods’ support frame has a complex structure, tolerance and fit with high precision and big difficulty to machine.
Under the condition of no breakage in the whole structure and no permanent deformation, control rods can bear the load in the prescript range.

The cured cross-linked network forms a compact, porous double-phase system that produces a remarkable effect in the toughening of the polymer structure.
This indicates that the ATPU-2 structure has greater amount of carbonaceous epoxy resin and has superior curing structure.
In addition, the residue content of ATPU-2 system was significantly greater than that of the ATPU-1.5 system, indicating that the cured products structure has a higher amount of carbonaceous epoxy resin and is therefore a better curing structure. 2.
Determine the crystal capacity of high polymer with DSC, Applied chemistry. 10(1997) 47-50 [3] H.M.Pan, S.J.Huang, P.Liu.
The chemical structure curing reaction characteristics and aging degradation of the adhesive prepolymer in NEPE, J.

Characteristics of Crystal Structure and Far Infrared Emissivity of Tourmaline 2.1 Composition and structure of tourmaline Tourmaline is characterized by the ring boron silicate minerals, whose crystal structure belongs to trigonal system, C3v5-R3m group [5].
As can be seen in the polyhedral structure of tourmaline, the structure can be divided into two tiers: the first layer is the complex trigonal ring composed of six [SiO4] tetrahedral [7], whose center is occupied by X, and this complex trigonal ring forms tunnel structure along the C axis.
In this paper, the space group symmetry of the crystal structure was used to calculate the degree of asymmetry S of the crystal structure.
The structure of water will not be calculated.
McKeown, Physics and Chemistry of Minerals Vol.35, Number 5, p.259 [7] Dietrich R V: The Tourmaline Group.

LFR has been reported to influence not only hydrochar yield and energy recovery but also surface chemistry.
SEM images were used to evaluate the pore structure and surface texture of the samples.
These compounds, upon exposure to oxygen, undergo polymerization and condensation to form resinous, chromophoric structures that impart a darker hue to the liquid medium [14].
Similarly, the band associated with aliphatic C–H stretching (2962–2872 cm⁻¹) showed reduced intensity, reflecting the breakdown of polysaccharide structures.
Renz, “Fuel and chemicals from wet lignocellulosic biomass waste streams by hydrothermal carbonization,” Green Chemistry, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 1051–1060, 2016

Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces Manufactured by Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion: Approaches and Challenges Andrey Koptyug1,a*, Dmitriy Khrapov2,b, Maria Surmeneva2,c, Roman Surmenev2,d 1SportsTech Research Center, Mid Sweden University, Akademigatan 1, Östersund, SE-831 25, Sweden. 2Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Physical Materials Science and Composite Materials Centre, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, 634000, Russia.
Both strut-based and sheet-based TPMS structures were successfully produced by additive manufacturing methods.
With very thin-walled structures, firmware of the machine adjusts the settings to minimize the thickness increase in the manufactured structures caused by the non-zero width of the melt pool.
It allows manufacturing structures with high porosity and adequate conditions for effective powder removal.
Carefully choosing structure design, manufacturing and powder removal modality allows for Ti-6Al-4V TPMS structures with quasi-elastic gradients not exceeding5 GPa that satisfies requirements to the bone implants.

Crystal structure, surface morphology and fracture character of SiC filament was analyzed with “X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope.
From Fig.2, phase structure of SiC filament is mainly made of β-SiC crystal, which grows trend along (111) orientation.
In the scale of 1000℃～1400℃, phase structure of SiC filament is mainly made of β-SiC crystal, which grows trend along (111) orientation.
Yao: Physical Chemistry (the last volume), fifth ed.