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This has been achieved by effectively managing a number of factors, including the control of impurity elements, such as hydrogen and phosphorous that are present during the preparation of Li-containing alloys, as well as using grain refining elements such as Mn and Zr.
These help by assisting in pinning grain boundaries.
This was shown by the large number of pit sites surrounding the intermetallic particles.
Some of the pits on AA2024-T3 were a similar size to those on AA2099-T8E77 (~100 x 100 µm), however, most were smaller and the number of pits was also less, as illustrated in Fig. 1c.
Of the phases that are detrimental to corrosion, AA2024-T3 possesses the potential to include a number; Al2Cu and Al2Cu-Mg, whereas AA2099-T8E77 can also include; Al3Li and Al2CuLi.

The number of cycles for each of the specimens has been established at 4000.
The dendrite grains at the boundary between the remelted and heat affected zones (RZ/HAZ) are fine, which is caused by the high temperature gradient.
With the use of the testing device, the coefficient of friction in the function of cycle number, has been evaluated (Fig. 3).
The sudden changes of the coefficient of friction that appear along some curves may result from the contact of the counter-specimen (Al2O3 ball) with the grains of adequate, undissolved in the laser treatment carbides.
The plot of the coefficient of friction depending on the number of cycles during the pin-on-disc test of X40CrMoV5-1 steel after alloying with TaC.

(2) Particle analysis Test of fine-grained soil 0.075mm below is conducted using laser particle size analyzer and test results are shown in the figure below, which reflects that the microscopic structure of the cohesive soil is stable aggregates cemented by free oxides.
This is an important feature of high water content cohesive soil that is different from the general fine-grained soil. 2) According to the test statistics, the maximum intensity moisture content is generally less than the optimum moisture content from 0.2 to 0.3 in consistency, and the moisture content is more than from 6% to 10%.
Fig.7 Relationship between resilient modulus and freeze-thaw cycles (2) Relationship between resilient modulus and freeze-thaw cycle number Resilient modulus for the different compaction degree is shown in Figure 8.
Fig.8 Relationship between resilient modulus and the freeze-thaw cycle number It can be seen that the resilient modulus under each compaction degree decreases with the increase of freeze-thaw cycle number.
Table 3 Service life prediction of the highway under different subgrade strength ratio Strength ratio Load condition Maximum bending stress /MPa cleavage strength/MPa Fatigue effects number/ Million times Service life/year 1.5 standard load 0.18 0.6 2.64E+05 68.4 overload 0.20 0.6 5.82E+04 52.6 1 standard load 0.22 0.6 1.48E+04 38.5 overload 0.25 0.6 2.37E+03 20.5 0.75 standard load 0.25 0.6 2.24E+03 20.0 overload 0.29 0.6 3.55E+02 6.8 0.5 standard load 0.30 0.6 1.82E+02 4.0 overload 0.34 0.6 2.98E+01 0.8 Conclusions Through analysis of long-term performance of high water content soil subgrade, conclusions are made as follows: (1) High water content cohesive soil has such physical and mechanical properties as natural moisture content is generally between 20% and 45%, liquid limit is between 40% and 60%, clay content is generally over 40%, permeability coefficient is between 10-7～10-8cm/s, the CBR value is less than 5, the optimum moisture content is about 20 percent and maximum dry density

Fig.1(b) for the microstructure of 1050℃ quenching of 6S1 steel the dislocation and twin martensites formed in grain each about 10μm, in which a little of very finely granular carbides distributed uniformly.
The highest tempering hardness and tempering temperature are relational to the carbide type and number of the corresponding precipitation strengthening.
Table 3 is the carbides composing and mole number of equilibrium carbides according to the calculation of experimental steels.
On the other hand, when adding appropriate ratio of W and Mo is of result in a large number of Mo into the M6C, the Mo content in M6C of 6S2 steel reached 38% and the relative ratio of M6C in the steel as well as increased, and then it is conducive to the precipitation focus at intermediate temperature, which can be see from difference values(D-value) of mole fraction at 540℃ and that at quenching temperature.
Edmonds, Effet of vanadium on the grain boundary carbide nucleeation of pearlite in high-carbon steels[J], Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia, 1994,30(10), p1251-1255 [8] Yang Zhang, Application of phase equilibrium thermodynamic method in alloy design for high carbon alloy steel with ultra fine Carbides[D], Dalian Maritime University, 2007,6(in Chinese) [9] Lee K B, Yang H R, Kwon H, Effects of alloying additions and austenitizing treatments on secondary hardening and fracture behavior for martensitic steels containing both Mo and W[J], Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A:2001,32(7):1659-1670

As a result, in seams welded underwater, a large number of pores are observed, and the hydrogen content can be several times higher than the equilibrium one.
At the first stage, it was necessary to clarify the range of ACF parameters to reduce the number of experiments.
So, at a magnetic induction of 15 mT, the diameter of the overwhelming number of pores was in the range of 2 ... 10 μm, and only in some cases pores with a diameter of 13 ... 20 μm were encountered, Fig.2 c.
During metallographic studies, the structures of the weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ) were studied in the following areas: overheating (large grain - I HAZ), crystalline modification (II HAZ), incomplete recrystallization (III HAZ), recrystallization (IV HAZ).
Near the fusion line (weld metal), as well as in I HAZ there is grain size refinement in 1.3…1.4 times.

Compared with natural sand, manufactured-sand is of small porosity, poor grain shape and graded, which impacts mixes workability and the properties after hardening.
Performance density is 2.68kg/m3, bulk density is 1.45 kg/m3，the fineness modular is 2.6,methylene blue number MB =1.0，and crusher dust content is12.7%.The performance of sand conforms to the requirements of GB/T 14684-2011.Grading curve is in Fig. 1.
Experiments and results analysis Affect Low water cement ratio has on the workability of manufactured-sand Concrete Number water-cement ratio w/kg Sand ratio SP/kg Cb C S G Stone Powder A1 0.6 170 45% 0.7% 283.33 170.00 849.53 1038.31 2.38 A2 0.55 165 44% 0.9% 300 180.00 829.08 1055.19 0 A3 0.50 160 43% 1.0% 320 192.00 807.22 1070.04 0 A4 0.47 157 42% 1.2% 334.04 200.43 785.82 1085.19 0 A5 0.44 153 41% 1.3% 347.72 208.64 765.81 1102.01 0 A6 0.42 150 40% 1.4% 357.14 214.29 746.53 1119.80 0 A7 0.4 147 39% 1.6% 367.5 220.50 726.91 1136.96 0 To determine the water-cement ratio and water consumption, water using as little as possible, to ensure lower dosage of Cementitious materials.
Table 4 Workability of mixture of manufactured-sand concrete Number water- cement ratio 1m3 Powder volume slump loss /mm slump flow /mm Description A1 0.6 170.00 215 500 overall slump ， minor bleeding, cohesiveness better A2 0.55 172.65 225 500 overall slump ， minor bleeding, cohesiveness better A3 0.50 178.57 220 520 overall slump ， minor bleeding, cohesiveness better r A4 0.47 182.29 200 470 overall slump ， minor bleeding, cohesiveness better A5 0.44 185.98 230 580 overall slump ， minor bleeding, cohesiveness better A6 0.42 188.12 210 515 overall slump ， minor bleeding, cohesiveness better A7 0.4 190.58 210 520 overall slump ， minor bleeding, cohesiveness better As is shown in Table 4, based on meeting the specified minimum cementitious materials in the mix proportion design specifications, the amount of cement droped greatly.
Affect Low water cement ratio has on Compressive strength of manufactured-sand Concrete number 7d 28d 56d A1 18.40 27.76 33.79 A2 21.03 30.04 39.97 A3 23.79 35.00 42.84 A4 26.36 32.42 45.95 A5 30.46 32.42 55.99 A6 30.89 43.74 52.47 A7 32.21 46.22 55.67 Table 5 Compressive strength of concrete(Mpa） Fig.2 Compressive strength of Concrete（Mpa） In Table4 and Fig 2, in mix proportion shown in Table3, the amount of cementitious materials is low，and 56 days of the strength of test block of mixture reached between 33.79Mpa and 67.61 Mpa.Equivalent of C30 to C60 concrete.

Both of these proceses produced inperfect protective layers, but we proved that a PLD DLC film over the diamond layer does reduce the number of pinholes in the coating.
The DLC grains cluster around the pinholes and forms hills over them.

The number of revolution of the V mill is 40 rpm.
In the microscopic observation, intermetallic compounds or deposits on the grain boundary are not observed, but some voids in the case that the density of the green compacts is less than 55%.
Fig.9 SEM images, characteristics X-ray images and ratio of each mixed layer for FGPJ Mixing ratio (Cu/SUS304 mass %) 80 / 20 60 / 40 40 / 60 20 / 80 SEM Image Characteristic X-ray image Cu-Kαααα Characteristic X-ray image Fe- Kαααα Area ratio (Cu/SUS304 %) 81.3 / 18.7 56.3 / 43.7 44.7 / 55.3 16.0 / 84.0 Austenitic Stainless Steel Side Austenitic Stainless Steel Side Austenitic Stainless Steel Side Austenitic Stainless Steel Side Copper Side Copper Side Copper Side Copper Side Fig.8 External appearance of FGPJ (In case of HIP treatment) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 100/0 80/20 60/40 40/60 20/80 0/100 Mixing ratio (Cu/SUS304) Liner law of mixture rule : Mean value & range Vickers hardness number ( Hv ,0.5) Mixing ratio (Cu/SUS304), (%) Vickers hardness number, (Hv,0.5) Fig.10 Relation between mixing ratio of Cu / SUS304 and Vickers hardness number
In the microscopic observation, intermetallic compounds or deposits on the grain boundary are not observed

The mechanical strength of the shaped blank-product, but also indirectly of the final product (after sintering), depends on the interaction between two polymers and the polymer and the powder grains.
Experimental Slurry preparation The solid phase used for the preparation of the slurry was α-Al2O3 (denoted as A16SG, delivered by Almatis) with the parameters: average grain size – about 0.5µm, specific surface area (measured by BET) – 8.9m2/g, and the density (measured by the pycnometric method) – 3.89g/cm3.
In the present experiments, we used structural foams delivered by the Kureta Co (Germany) in which the number of open pores per inch was 10, 20 and 30 (ppi10, ppi20, ppi30).
The foams differed in the number of pores per inch.
Since the amount of the slurry deposited on the substrate depends on the number of substrate openings, the density of the material deposited on the pppi30 foam is higher than that with the other foams and, thus, the open porosity of the material is higher.

And it is the reason of that high base number sulfonate showed good extreme pressure property.
Analysis methods (1) The mensuration method of total base number(TBN) is SH/T0251
Results and discussion Freeze-etching electron microscopy of the product The enlarged 100000 times freeze-etching electron microscopy of synthesized nano carbonate sodium was shown in Figure 1, its grain size analysis with Zetaplus/90 plus type zeta laser particle size analyzer was shown in Figure 2.
Figure 7 The SEM results of worn surface, 5Cst (left) and 1.0wt% SSSU (right) From figure 7, the SEM micrographs indicate that severe scuffing occurs with lubrication of base oil alone, taking on grain abrasion characteristic.
The tribogical reaction between metals can produce partial high temperature, and it made carbonate releasing from high base number sulfonate, the inorganic carbonate sodium reacted with iron oxide and fresh iron in metal surface to generate oxide sodium and ferrite sodium, to form protective film in metal surface, so it is the reason that the high base number alkali sulfonate has a certain tribological performance.