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Fig.1(b) for the microstructure of 1050℃ quenching of 6S1 steel the dislocation and twin martensites formed in grain each about 10μm, in which a little of very finely granular carbides distributed uniformly.
The highest tempering hardness and tempering temperature are relational to the carbide type and number of the corresponding precipitation strengthening.
Table 3 is the carbides composing and mole number of equilibrium carbides according to the calculation of experimental steels.
On the other hand, when adding appropriate ratio of W and Mo is of result in a large number of Mo into the M6C, the Mo content in M6C of 6S2 steel reached 38% and the relative ratio of M6C in the steel as well as increased, and then it is conducive to the precipitation focus at intermediate temperature, which can be see from difference values(D-value) of mole fraction at 540℃ and that at quenching temperature.
Edmonds, Effet of vanadium on the grain boundary carbide nucleeation of pearlite in high-carbon steels[J], Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia, 1994,30(10), p1251-1255 [8] Yang Zhang, Application of phase equilibrium thermodynamic method in alloy design for high carbon alloy steel with ultra fine Carbides[D], Dalian Maritime University, 2007,6(in Chinese) [9] Lee K B, Yang H R, Kwon H, Effects of alloying additions and austenitizing treatments on secondary hardening and fracture behavior for martensitic steels containing both Mo and W[J], Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A:2001,32(7):1659-1670

As a result, in seams welded underwater, a large number of pores are observed, and the hydrogen content can be several times higher than the equilibrium one.
At the first stage, it was necessary to clarify the range of ACF parameters to reduce the number of experiments.
So, at a magnetic induction of 15 mT, the diameter of the overwhelming number of pores was in the range of 2 ... 10 μm, and only in some cases pores with a diameter of 13 ... 20 μm were encountered, Fig.2 c.
During metallographic studies, the structures of the weld metal and heat affected zone (HAZ) were studied in the following areas: overheating (large grain - I HAZ), crystalline modification (II HAZ), incomplete recrystallization (III HAZ), recrystallization (IV HAZ).
Near the fusion line (weld metal), as well as in I HAZ there is grain size refinement in 1.3…1.4 times.

Compared with natural sand, manufactured-sand is of small porosity, poor grain shape and graded, which impacts mixes workability and the properties after hardening.
Performance density is 2.68kg/m3, bulk density is 1.45 kg/m3，the fineness modular is 2.6,methylene blue number MB =1.0，and crusher dust content is12.7%.The performance of sand conforms to the requirements of GB/T 14684-2011.Grading curve is in Fig. 1.
Experiments and results analysis Affect Low water cement ratio has on the workability of manufactured-sand Concrete Number water-cement ratio w/kg Sand ratio SP/kg Cb C S G Stone Powder A1 0.6 170 45% 0.7% 283.33 170.00 849.53 1038.31 2.38 A2 0.55 165 44% 0.9% 300 180.00 829.08 1055.19 0 A3 0.50 160 43% 1.0% 320 192.00 807.22 1070.04 0 A4 0.47 157 42% 1.2% 334.04 200.43 785.82 1085.19 0 A5 0.44 153 41% 1.3% 347.72 208.64 765.81 1102.01 0 A6 0.42 150 40% 1.4% 357.14 214.29 746.53 1119.80 0 A7 0.4 147 39% 1.6% 367.5 220.50 726.91 1136.96 0 To determine the water-cement ratio and water consumption, water using as little as possible, to ensure lower dosage of Cementitious materials.
Table 4 Workability of mixture of manufactured-sand concrete Number water- cement ratio 1m3 Powder volume slump loss /mm slump flow /mm Description A1 0.6 170.00 215 500 overall slump ， minor bleeding, cohesiveness better A2 0.55 172.65 225 500 overall slump ， minor bleeding, cohesiveness better A3 0.50 178.57 220 520 overall slump ， minor bleeding, cohesiveness better r A4 0.47 182.29 200 470 overall slump ， minor bleeding, cohesiveness better A5 0.44 185.98 230 580 overall slump ， minor bleeding, cohesiveness better A6 0.42 188.12 210 515 overall slump ， minor bleeding, cohesiveness better A7 0.4 190.58 210 520 overall slump ， minor bleeding, cohesiveness better As is shown in Table 4, based on meeting the specified minimum cementitious materials in the mix proportion design specifications, the amount of cement droped greatly.
Affect Low water cement ratio has on Compressive strength of manufactured-sand Concrete number 7d 28d 56d A1 18.40 27.76 33.79 A2 21.03 30.04 39.97 A3 23.79 35.00 42.84 A4 26.36 32.42 45.95 A5 30.46 32.42 55.99 A6 30.89 43.74 52.47 A7 32.21 46.22 55.67 Table 5 Compressive strength of concrete(Mpa） Fig.2 Compressive strength of Concrete（Mpa） In Table4 and Fig 2, in mix proportion shown in Table3, the amount of cementitious materials is low，and 56 days of the strength of test block of mixture reached between 33.79Mpa and 67.61 Mpa.Equivalent of C30 to C60 concrete.

Hot forging process was able to recover the grain structure of material by controlling certain pressure and temperature.
A higher number of oxygen amount improves the quality of microstructure and material properties.
Three selected chips from the total number experiment are cleaned by ultrasonic bath using Acetone as chemicals to remove dirt from chip surfaces.
The orthogonal Array (OA) method is arranged the total number of experiments for hot forging process.
A hot forging machine had been used to complete run the total 9 number of experiment.

The number of revolution of the V mill is 40 rpm.
In the microscopic observation, intermetallic compounds or deposits on the grain boundary are not observed, but some voids in the case that the density of the green compacts is less than 55%.
Fig.9 SEM images, characteristics X-ray images and ratio of each mixed layer for FGPJ Mixing ratio (Cu/SUS304 mass %) 80 / 20 60 / 40 40 / 60 20 / 80 SEM Image Characteristic X-ray image Cu-Kαααα Characteristic X-ray image Fe- Kαααα Area ratio (Cu/SUS304 %) 81.3 / 18.7 56.3 / 43.7 44.7 / 55.3 16.0 / 84.0 Austenitic Stainless Steel Side Austenitic Stainless Steel Side Austenitic Stainless Steel Side Austenitic Stainless Steel Side Copper Side Copper Side Copper Side Copper Side Fig.8 External appearance of FGPJ (In case of HIP treatment) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 100/0 80/20 60/40 40/60 20/80 0/100 Mixing ratio (Cu/SUS304) Liner law of mixture rule : Mean value & range Vickers hardness number ( Hv ,0.5) Mixing ratio (Cu/SUS304), (%) Vickers hardness number, (Hv,0.5) Fig.10 Relation between mixing ratio of Cu / SUS304 and Vickers hardness number
In the microscopic observation, intermetallic compounds or deposits on the grain boundary are not observed

The mechanical strength of the shaped blank-product, but also indirectly of the final product (after sintering), depends on the interaction between two polymers and the polymer and the powder grains.
Experimental Slurry preparation The solid phase used for the preparation of the slurry was α-Al2O3 (denoted as A16SG, delivered by Almatis) with the parameters: average grain size – about 0.5µm, specific surface area (measured by BET) – 8.9m2/g, and the density (measured by the pycnometric method) – 3.89g/cm3.
In the present experiments, we used structural foams delivered by the Kureta Co (Germany) in which the number of open pores per inch was 10, 20 and 30 (ppi10, ppi20, ppi30).
The foams differed in the number of pores per inch.
Since the amount of the slurry deposited on the substrate depends on the number of substrate openings, the density of the material deposited on the pppi30 foam is higher than that with the other foams and, thus, the open porosity of the material is higher.

And it is the reason of that high base number sulfonate showed good extreme pressure property.
Analysis methods (1) The mensuration method of total base number(TBN) is SH/T0251
Results and discussion Freeze-etching electron microscopy of the product The enlarged 100000 times freeze-etching electron microscopy of synthesized nano carbonate sodium was shown in Figure 1, its grain size analysis with Zetaplus/90 plus type zeta laser particle size analyzer was shown in Figure 2.
Figure 7 The SEM results of worn surface, 5Cst (left) and 1.0wt% SSSU (right) From figure 7, the SEM micrographs indicate that severe scuffing occurs with lubrication of base oil alone, taking on grain abrasion characteristic.
The tribogical reaction between metals can produce partial high temperature, and it made carbonate releasing from high base number sulfonate, the inorganic carbonate sodium reacted with iron oxide and fresh iron in metal surface to generate oxide sodium and ferrite sodium, to form protective film in metal surface, so it is the reason that the high base number alkali sulfonate has a certain tribological performance.

As for MA method, it is possible to fabricate precise parts with very fine grained microstructure.
Inevitable problems might be raised such as coursing of grain size and thermal strain after relatively long heat treatment.
observed after Fig.5 Sharpy impact test results of HNS (23%Cr-4%Ni-2%Mor-1%N) � �� �� �� �� ��� � ��� � ��� � ��� ��� ��� 7HPSHUDWXUH 
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of count, c/s N 1S As polished Corroded area Non-corroded area under crevice NO NH3 Nitride N in alloy 23%Cr23%Cr23%Cr23%Cr----4%Ni4%Ni4%Ni4%Ni----1%N1%N1%N1%N 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 408 406 404 402 400 398 396 394 Binding energy, eV Numbers of count, c/s N 1S As polished Corroded area Non-corroded area under crevice NO NH3 Nitride N in alloy 23%Cr23%Cr23%Cr23%Cr----4%Ni4%Ni4%Ni4%Ni----1%N1%N1%N1%N 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 408 406 404 402 400 398 396 394 Binding energy, eV Numbers of count, c/s N 1S As polished Corroded area Non-corroded area under crevice NO NH3 Nitride N in alloy 23%Cr23%Cr23%Cr23%Cr----4%Ni4%Ni4%Ni4%Ni----1%N1%N1%N1%N 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 408 406 404 402 400 398 396 394 Binding energy, eV Numbers of count, c/s N 1S As polished Corroded area Non-corroded area under

The samples had a sufficient color inhomogeneity up to strains of e = 6.0-6.5 corresponding to the number of revolutions of n £5.
On the basis of these data we can conclude that the original metal powder mixture has been suffering the number of structural and phase transformations determined by the strain during severe plastic deformation up to solid solution formation at room temperature.
Attempts to determine the concentration and the role of point defects, usually vacancies in mass transfer during plastic deformation have been undertaken in a number of computational works [10–12].
According to earlier research on a number of pure metals [5-7], decreasing of the deformation temperature blocks thermally activated processes necessary for a non-conservative motion of dislocations.
Dheda, On the minimum grain size obtainable by high-pressure torsion, Materials Science & Engineering A. 558 (2012) 59–63

Intermetallidshaving a number of advantages are considered to be promising materials for metal matrix.
Such methods include using a number of other CEF sources such as laser, ion-plasma, explosion,etc.
In the structure of the brittle-ductile fracture, a little number of small pores(with a size of 0.2 to 0.5 mm), uniformly distributed over the metal of the ingot, were found.
A significant grain refinement in the ingot is occurred with an increase of the Zr concentration and addition of C (Figure 1, d).
The rest of the structural components of the alloys are located along the grain boundaries.