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Effect of Particle Size and Mixing Homogeneity of Starting Powder on Solid State Synthesis of BaTiO3
Online since: August 2004
Authors: Hirokazu Chazono, Hiroshi Kishi, Chie Ando
., 5607-2 Nakamuroda Haruna-machi
Gunma-gun, Gunma 370-3347, Japan
Keywords: barium titanate, solid state reaction, fine particles
ABSTRACT
The synthesis of fine-grained and high crystalline BaTiO3 (BT) particles was studied by solid state process.
Then, a large number of the contact points between BaCO3 and TiO2 will accelerate the reaction.
In the case of sample T2B3, the number of particle counts of BaCO3 was larger than that of TiO2.
On the other hand, in the case of sample T4B1, the number of particle counts of BaCO3 was smaller than that of TiO2.
This suggested that the inhomogeneous mixing for sample T4B1 caused the long path for diffusion of Ba 2+ ion species into TiO2, which was aggregate comprising a number of particles.
Then, a large number of the contact points between BaCO3 and TiO2 will accelerate the reaction.
In the case of sample T2B3, the number of particle counts of BaCO3 was larger than that of TiO2.
On the other hand, in the case of sample T4B1, the number of particle counts of BaCO3 was smaller than that of TiO2.
This suggested that the inhomogeneous mixing for sample T4B1 caused the long path for diffusion of Ba 2+ ion species into TiO2, which was aggregate comprising a number of particles.
Online since: November 2011
Authors: Ke Wu Peng, Peng Zhang, Jian Guo Xie, He Li Ma
Vanadium produces its effects by increasing strength and improving toughness,primarily through a combination of grain refinement and precipitation strengthening.Because vanadium is the most soluble one of the rnicroalloying elements,the vanadium containing steels tends to be relatively easy to cast continuously.
Table 2 Liquidus temperature of Al2O3-CaO-SiO2-CaF2 slag Number Al2O3(%) CaO(%) SiO2 (%) CaF2(%) Liquidus temperature (˚C) 1 65 30 5 10 1532 2 65 30 5 15 1495 3 65 30 5 20 1469 Fig.1 Liquidus temperature of Al2O3-CaO-SiO2-CaF2 with 20% CaF2 The liquidus temperature of Al2O3-CaO-SiO2-CaF2 Slag was studied as shown in Table 2.
On the one hand, the temperature is the macroscopical representation of thermal motion of the microcosmic ion. when the temperature of the Al2O3-CaO-SiO2-CaF2 slag rises, the internal thermal motion of their ions become even faster, the number of Chaotic ion becomes more and more, the number of free ion increases, and directional migration number of ion increases too.
It is knock-on certainty the electrical conductivity must increase with increasing the directional migration number of ion.
Table 2 Liquidus temperature of Al2O3-CaO-SiO2-CaF2 slag Number Al2O3(%) CaO(%) SiO2 (%) CaF2(%) Liquidus temperature (˚C) 1 65 30 5 10 1532 2 65 30 5 15 1495 3 65 30 5 20 1469 Fig.1 Liquidus temperature of Al2O3-CaO-SiO2-CaF2 with 20% CaF2 The liquidus temperature of Al2O3-CaO-SiO2-CaF2 Slag was studied as shown in Table 2.
On the one hand, the temperature is the macroscopical representation of thermal motion of the microcosmic ion. when the temperature of the Al2O3-CaO-SiO2-CaF2 slag rises, the internal thermal motion of their ions become even faster, the number of Chaotic ion becomes more and more, the number of free ion increases, and directional migration number of ion increases too.
It is knock-on certainty the electrical conductivity must increase with increasing the directional migration number of ion.
Online since: August 2013
Authors: Zhi Guo Zhao, Wen Ming Yu
The basic calculation parameters of the model: the drum diameter is 140 mm, the height is 286 mm, the entrance diameter is 40 mm, the number of disc is 50, the thickness is 2 mm and the disc clearance is 2mm.
1-oil and gas entrance, 2- rotating shaft, 3-the oil outlet, 4-the air outlet
Fig.1 The geometric model of the centrifugal gas-oil separator
Meshing
The internal geometry structure of the centrifugal oil and gas separator is complex, so the model uses the structured quadrilateral grid and the unstructured trilateral grid, getting a total of 22504units and 24953nodes.
In order to distinguish the particles number of oil outlet and the gas outlet, set the oil outlet adopted the trap conditions that is when the particles meet the wall, the running trajectory is over; the gas outlet adopts the escape conditions that is the particles escape when they contact to the boundary; the gas inlet adopts escape conditions, that is the particles escape when there is backflow; the rest wall conditions are reflect, namely the particles will be reflected when they achieve at the boundary.
The diameter scope of the oil droplets inside the oil-gas separator grain is 0-10um commonly.
Under the designed working conditions, the number of trap was 1932, the number of escape was 23, the number of particles stay in the drum was 45 and it can be concluded that separation efficiency was 96%, meeting the design requirements.
In order to distinguish the particles number of oil outlet and the gas outlet, set the oil outlet adopted the trap conditions that is when the particles meet the wall, the running trajectory is over; the gas outlet adopts the escape conditions that is the particles escape when they contact to the boundary; the gas inlet adopts escape conditions, that is the particles escape when there is backflow; the rest wall conditions are reflect, namely the particles will be reflected when they achieve at the boundary.
The diameter scope of the oil droplets inside the oil-gas separator grain is 0-10um commonly.
Under the designed working conditions, the number of trap was 1932, the number of escape was 23, the number of particles stay in the drum was 45 and it can be concluded that separation efficiency was 96%, meeting the design requirements.
Online since: December 2011
Authors: Yun Tao Li, Xu Ma, Guang Da Liu, Wen Jun Zhang, Li Jun Yang
Figure 5 shows the microstructure of the HAZ is different grain sizes and ferrite and pearlite
Analysis of stretch forming performance
Stretch performance test
Tensile tests were carried out on specimens of Tailor welded Galvanized Sheets machined.
The specimens were tested along two directions, with tensile axis being parallel (0◦), perpendicular (90◦) to the weld-line direction of the sheet (size and number are shown in Fig.6).
(a) Base metal (A1, A2, A3) (b) Transverse specimen numbered (B1, B2, B3) (weld line in the center) (c) Transverse specimen numbered (C1, C2, C3) (d) longitudinally welded specimens (D1, D2, D3) (weld line from center for 5mm) Fig.6 TWB tensile specimens used in tensile tests (a)(b)(c)(d) Table 3 Results of the tensile specimens for TWB NO.
(a) (b) Fig.7 The fracture surface of base metal of A1, A2, A3, A4(a) (b) (a) (b) Fig.8 The fracture surface of the weld line was perpendicular to tensile axial of B1, B2, B3, B4 (weld line located in the center of the specimen)(a) (b) (a) (b) Fig.9 The fracture surface of the weld line perpendicular to tensile axial of C1, C2, C3, C4 (weld line offset center line 5mm)(a) (b) (a) (b) Fig.10 The fracture surface of specimens with the weld line parallels tensile axial of D1, D2, D3, D4(a)(b) As it is shown in Fig.7 (a) and (b), the scanned fracture surface of the base metal consists of a great number of well-distributed dimples.
Seen from Fig9 (a) and (b), fracture morphology is a number of well-distributed dimples.
The specimens were tested along two directions, with tensile axis being parallel (0◦), perpendicular (90◦) to the weld-line direction of the sheet (size and number are shown in Fig.6).
(a) Base metal (A1, A2, A3) (b) Transverse specimen numbered (B1, B2, B3) (weld line in the center) (c) Transverse specimen numbered (C1, C2, C3) (d) longitudinally welded specimens (D1, D2, D3) (weld line from center for 5mm) Fig.6 TWB tensile specimens used in tensile tests (a)(b)(c)(d) Table 3 Results of the tensile specimens for TWB NO.
(a) (b) Fig.7 The fracture surface of base metal of A1, A2, A3, A4(a) (b) (a) (b) Fig.8 The fracture surface of the weld line was perpendicular to tensile axial of B1, B2, B3, B4 (weld line located in the center of the specimen)(a) (b) (a) (b) Fig.9 The fracture surface of the weld line perpendicular to tensile axial of C1, C2, C3, C4 (weld line offset center line 5mm)(a) (b) (a) (b) Fig.10 The fracture surface of specimens with the weld line parallels tensile axial of D1, D2, D3, D4(a)(b) As it is shown in Fig.7 (a) and (b), the scanned fracture surface of the base metal consists of a great number of well-distributed dimples.
Seen from Fig9 (a) and (b), fracture morphology is a number of well-distributed dimples.
Online since: December 2014
Authors: Mauro Cesar Terence, Ederson Esteves Silva, Juan Alfredo Guevara Carrió
With properties that could not be achieved with microscale materials this nanostructure has a huge number of qualities that are amazing, Great expectations are generated about the possibilities of application in several areas of technology, such as electronic devices, opto-electronic, transparent electrodes, energy storage, catalyst, drug release system and sensors [1,2,4].
The number of steps involved in the production of graphene oxide can add undesirable defects to the two-dimensional lattice, and yet many studies were conducted on the transfer methods for application in different areas.
In order to obtain the greatest number of flakes with numbers of layers near the DDP is undone in 10 minutes.
However, another factor that directly determines the size of the exfoliated flakes are the size of the grains in the structure of graphite.
Acknowledgement FAPESP foundation under contract number 2014/08872-0.
The number of steps involved in the production of graphene oxide can add undesirable defects to the two-dimensional lattice, and yet many studies were conducted on the transfer methods for application in different areas.
In order to obtain the greatest number of flakes with numbers of layers near the DDP is undone in 10 minutes.
However, another factor that directly determines the size of the exfoliated flakes are the size of the grains in the structure of graphite.
Acknowledgement FAPESP foundation under contract number 2014/08872-0.
Online since: January 2014
Authors: Hong Qiu, Jing Luo, Hui Guang Yang, Liang Ge Xu, Xiao Xian Li, Jie Ye, Xia Ji
J.Buha [5] studied the microstructure of Mg-Zn-Cu-Mn alloy in different aging temperature, pointing out that the T6 condition, the presence of a large number of rod-like and massive phase alloy microstructure.
Li Aiwen etc.[6] studied Cu microstructure of the Mg-3Zn-0.6Zr (wt.%) alloy 180 ℃ × 16 h peak aging, and Pointed out that the Cu content (wt Cu <2.0%) is more, the more the number of- MgZn2 distribution becomes more diffuse, the smaller the average grain size.
It shows that the structure solution treated has the strong precipitation momentum, and has a large number of precipitates in the process of aging.
Fig.2 DSC curve of Mg-6Zn-1.5Cu alloy solution treated at 430℃ for 24h From the figure 3a, it is known that the TEM images show the rod phases which they uniformly distribute a large number of along the direction of growth.
(b) (a) Fig3 The microstructure of experimental alloy aged at 150℃×56h (the electron beam was approximately parallel to) The experimental results show that adding the Cu element and via the appropriate aging process can precipitate a large number of MgZn2 and improve the aging hardening effect in Mg-Zn binary alloy.
Li Aiwen etc.[6] studied Cu microstructure of the Mg-3Zn-0.6Zr (wt.%) alloy 180 ℃ × 16 h peak aging, and Pointed out that the Cu content (wt Cu <2.0%) is more, the more the number of- MgZn2 distribution becomes more diffuse, the smaller the average grain size.
It shows that the structure solution treated has the strong precipitation momentum, and has a large number of precipitates in the process of aging.
Fig.2 DSC curve of Mg-6Zn-1.5Cu alloy solution treated at 430℃ for 24h From the figure 3a, it is known that the TEM images show the rod phases which they uniformly distribute a large number of along the direction of growth.
(b) (a) Fig3 The microstructure of experimental alloy aged at 150℃×56h (the electron beam was approximately parallel to) The experimental results show that adding the Cu element and via the appropriate aging process can precipitate a large number of MgZn2 and improve the aging hardening effect in Mg-Zn binary alloy.
Online since: June 2012
Authors: Yan Li Huo, Yu Feng Chen, Ming Hui Wu, Chun Peng Wang, Jie Tang, Hai Lin Liu
There is no clear joint interface between the two substrates in an appropriate solid volume loading and grain size.
It also can be seen that there is no clear welding interface between the two substrates, which is due to that the slurry coated can penetrate into the substrates by capillary action from a large number of pores in substrates before sintered.
It also can be seen that there is no clear welding interface between the two substrates, which is due to that the slurry coated can penetrate into the substrates by capillary action from a large number of pores in substrates before sintered.
Online since: March 2013
Authors: Vasiliki Roussi, Clio G. Vossou
Applying this technique, mechanical quantities, ie stress, strain and microstructural properties, such as grain size, and heat treatment are investigated.
The present paper aims at calibrating the magnetic field, of an excitation coil of known specifications (number of windings, cross-sectional geometry, length, material), using a Hall sensor and finite element (FE) analysis.
(2) where I is the current of the excitation coil, N is the number of turns, L is the coil length in m and R the coil radius in m.
Calibration of the air region in terms of averaged values for Hmax Number of FE Air region (mxmxm) Hmax Error 300764 0.1x0.1x0.1 1541.2 -0.07 157465 0.08x0.08x0.08 1546.5 -0.08 64001 0.06x0.06x0.06 1544.7 -0.08 19684 0.04x0.04x0.04 1548.2 -0.08 86401 0.06x0.08x0.06 1544.7 -0.08 Furthermore, the mesh density of the air region is calibrated and the results are presented in Table 3.
Calibration of the mesh density in terms of averaged values for Hmax Number of FE Element size edge length (mm) Hmax Error 289 10 1177.0 0.18 2305 5 1460.6 -0.02 18433 2.5 1529.5 -0.07 10801 3 1509.0 -0.05 86408 1.5 1558.4 -0.09 Taking under consideration the error and the solution time, that increases as the number of FE increases, it is concluded that an element size edge length of 2.5 mm can be used and a 60x60x80 mm brick of air volume should be modeled around the coil.
The present paper aims at calibrating the magnetic field, of an excitation coil of known specifications (number of windings, cross-sectional geometry, length, material), using a Hall sensor and finite element (FE) analysis.
(2) where I is the current of the excitation coil, N is the number of turns, L is the coil length in m and R the coil radius in m.
Calibration of the air region in terms of averaged values for Hmax Number of FE Air region (mxmxm) Hmax Error 300764 0.1x0.1x0.1 1541.2 -0.07 157465 0.08x0.08x0.08 1546.5 -0.08 64001 0.06x0.06x0.06 1544.7 -0.08 19684 0.04x0.04x0.04 1548.2 -0.08 86401 0.06x0.08x0.06 1544.7 -0.08 Furthermore, the mesh density of the air region is calibrated and the results are presented in Table 3.
Calibration of the mesh density in terms of averaged values for Hmax Number of FE Element size edge length (mm) Hmax Error 289 10 1177.0 0.18 2305 5 1460.6 -0.02 18433 2.5 1529.5 -0.07 10801 3 1509.0 -0.05 86408 1.5 1558.4 -0.09 Taking under consideration the error and the solution time, that increases as the number of FE increases, it is concluded that an element size edge length of 2.5 mm can be used and a 60x60x80 mm brick of air volume should be modeled around the coil.
Online since: May 2011
Authors: Yoshikazu Todaka, Innocent Shuro, Ho Hung Kuo, Hong Cai Wang, Minoru Umemoto
There has been a growing interest in developing ultrafine-grained steels in order to get high strength with good ductility [1].
from the sample center, N is number of HPT turns and t is the thickness of sample.
A linear relationship between the MS value and the martensite volume fraction (Ca) was assumed [4] to be Ca=MS/MS0 (1) 10 Figure.4 Volume fraction of a¢ as a function of number of turns.
Figure.5 Volume fraction of a¢ (estimated by VSM) as a function of number of turns: (a) [5rpm,N=n]+[0.2rpm,N=5]; (b) [0.2rpm,N=5]+[0.2rpm,N=n] 48 49 50 (a) (b) 1) Austenite stabilization.
It is clear that a¢-martensite decreased with the subsequent increasing number of turns at 5rpm.
from the sample center, N is number of HPT turns and t is the thickness of sample.
A linear relationship between the MS value and the martensite volume fraction (Ca) was assumed [4] to be Ca=MS/MS0 (1) 10 Figure.4 Volume fraction of a¢ as a function of number of turns.
Figure.5 Volume fraction of a¢ (estimated by VSM) as a function of number of turns: (a) [5rpm,N=n]+[0.2rpm,N=5]; (b) [0.2rpm,N=5]+[0.2rpm,N=n] 48 49 50 (a) (b) 1) Austenite stabilization.
It is clear that a¢-martensite decreased with the subsequent increasing number of turns at 5rpm.
Online since: January 2012
Authors: Zhong Wen Gao, Ming Sheng Zhang
In generally, the direct trust value of the peer is evaluated with the traditional method which uses the ratio between the number of successful direct transactions and the number of all direct transactions.
(1) DT(u,v) denotes the direct trust value of the peer v evaluated by the peer u that has a direct relationship of trust with v, letter s denotes the number of successful direct transactions, letter f denotes the number of unsuccessful direct transaction.
The letter l is the pair peers number having direct transactions in each rule.
[3] LI Jun-qing, LI Xin-you, XIE Sheng-xian, LUO Hong-bin and LIU Guang-liang, “Research on dynamic fine grained access control in P2P networks,” Application Reseach of Computers, Vol.26, No. 4, Apr. 2009, pp. 1467-1470
(1) DT(u,v) denotes the direct trust value of the peer v evaluated by the peer u that has a direct relationship of trust with v, letter s denotes the number of successful direct transactions, letter f denotes the number of unsuccessful direct transaction.
The letter l is the pair peers number having direct transactions in each rule.
[3] LI Jun-qing, LI Xin-you, XIE Sheng-xian, LUO Hong-bin and LIU Guang-liang, “Research on dynamic fine grained access control in P2P networks,” Application Reseach of Computers, Vol.26, No. 4, Apr. 2009, pp. 1467-1470