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A large number of sustainable development ideas contained in vernacular architectures can be also employed in planning and construction of modern cities and towns.
The latter is also used as grain-sunning ground.
In order to form space layout of open type inside with the functions of dehumification, ventilation and absorption of more sunlight, a large number of facilities are set by local residents, such as skywells, adjustable partition doors , belvedere and boudoirs etc.

(a) 0wt% (b)10wt% (c)20wt% (d)30wt% Fig.2 SEM of the material with different BN content From Fig. 2 (d) that the microstructure of the material substantially changed with large number of BN addition.
Due to the large number of BN affected the growth of silicon nitride crystal.
BN inhibited the sintering of Si3N4 and hindered grain growth of β -Si3N4[4].

Also, deformation bands, regions of distortion where a portion of a grain has rotated towards another orientation to accommodate the applied strain, were propagated along the stress field (Fig. 2 (b)).
Fig. 2 (c) shows the crack growth through Mg17Al12 or Mg/Mg17Al12 interface (KI=12.70 MPa m ) and a number of fine deformation bands, "shear band [11]" were observed far from the notch tip.
At the maximum load(KI=16.13 MPa m ), Fig. 3(d) shows the crack growth near notch tip and the number of fine shear band around secondary phase to the main shear band(with 45° to the notch crack direction).

Thermo-temporal treatment of the melt leads to a favorable structure formation, decrease in its chemical and physical heterogeneity, reduction in size and number of shrinkage defects.
Structural ordering of the fluid is characterized by quantitative parameters: r1 – the most likely shortest distance and z1 – the number of nearest neighbors, as well as cluster sizes – by the correlation radii.
On this basis, a number of heats were poured into molds with reduced profitable extensions, which made it possible to increase the suitable alloy of steel at the first conversion by 2-3% [20-21].
For example, advanced high-carbon steel ingots are characterized by increased dispersibility of the carbide phase, the austenite grain size decrease and reduction of area of columnar crystals.

The results from stress versus number of cycles curves showed that the fatigue resistance is not affected by the “dynamically” induced martensite in annealed specimens at both temperatures.
The specimen microstructure was found to consist of equiaxed grains with average size of 50 µm.
Temperature (°C) s0.2% (MPa) s20% (MPa) 25 230 577 -196 471 1127 Figures 3, 4, 5 and 6 show the stress versus number of cycles (SN) fatigue curves for programmed tests A, B, C and D, respectively.
In these figures, one notice that, as expected [1,2], all SN curves are associated with a fatigue limit (FL) corresponding to a level of stress, below which rupture will not occur regardless the number of cycles.

The combination of methods of powder metallurgy and methods of intensive plastic deformation allows to introduce a greater number of additives into the composition of the material than in the classical metallurgical processes.
Nuclear safety of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) packages is ensured by placing the fuel assembly (FA) in a container with a certain step, under which conditions are created when the effective neutron multiplication coefficient in the system equal to the ratio of these neutron numbers is less than one [13].
Conventional methods (e.g., molding) do not allow to enter in the aluminium a large number of rare earth metals.[12] The resulting powders are poorly formed, so the basis for the composite production is needed.
Production of ultrafine-grained sheet from ultralow-carbon steel by pack rolling (2007) Metal Science and Heat Treatment, 49 (11-12), pp. 561-565

Introduction Magnesium alloys have excellent physical and mechanical properties for a number of applications.
There is a number of technologies available for coating magnesium alloys.
After anodizing, the following investigations were carried out; surface morphology, grain size of the anodic film, analyzing the phases in the anodic coating, corrosion testing, the anodic film thickness, adhesion of the anodic film, and microhardness measurements [15].
The results indicated the presence of amorphous and some nano crystals with an approximate grain size of 3 to 5 nm before heat treatment which increased to 30 to 50 nm after heat treatment (HT).
First stage: deformation of surface asperities by plastic flow and creep (Figure 9-a), second stage: grain boundary diffusion of atoms flow to the voids and grain boundary migration (Figure 9-b) and third stage: volume diffusion of atoms to the voids.

The dimensions of the blank wallboard without flame retardant (Grain board) are 460×460×1.5 mm, the default density is 6.5 g/cm3.
The measurement of flame retardant properties (oxygen index), was determined using<>.[11] Experimental results and analysis The effects of Al(OH)3 single-component flame retardant system on wallboard properties.Table 2 shows the experimental results for the properties of the flame retardant wallboard and grain boards containing different levels of Al(OH)3.
Compared to the grain board without flame retardant, its internal combinative strength decreases 58.9% at most, and decreases more rapidly.
Results for the single-component Al(OH)3 flame retardant system Wt. % Al(OH)3 Density [g/cm3] Water ratio % (2h) % Water absorption Inside combinative strength [MP] Oxygen Index Formaldehyde Release 50% 0.708 5.9 61.0 1.53 0.089 30.0 E0 60% 0.720 6.1 59.6 1.49 0.075 31.8 E0 70% 0.744 5.7 55.9 1.47 0.068 33.0 E0 80% 0.761 6.1 50.1 1.10 0.053 34.4 E0 Blank control 0.645 7.7 70.5 1.76 0.129 24.4 E0 With increasing amount of Al(OH)3, the bibulous ply inflation rate of the flame retardant wallboard decreases, but decreases less than that of the grain board.
Orthogonal experimental extreme difference analysis of comprehensive evaluation for multi-component fire retardant system Number Factors and levels A B C Comprehensive evaluation 1 1 1 1 0.5829 2 1 2 2 0.5852 3 1 3 3 0.7594 4 2 1 2 0.5236 5 2 2 3 0.7822 6 2 3 1 0.6467 7 3 1 3 0.7047 8 3 2 1 0.5393 9 3 3 2 0.5351 Average 1 0.642 0.604 0.590 Average 2 0.651 0.636 0.548 Average 3 0.593 0.647 0.749 Extreme difference 0.058 0.043 0.201 Ideal composition A2 B3 C3 Repetitive experiments for group optimization and contrast analysis.

The yield stress σy of a single phase material is calculated using the standard Hall-Petch equation: 1/2 y y0 gkd− σ = σ + (1) where σy0 and k are the intrinsic flow stress and Hall-Petch coefficient of that phase both of which are composition dependent, and dg is the grain size.
The most critical factor was found to be the APB energy, which is obtained from a thermodynamic calculation route described previously.[15] Calculations have been made for a number of commercial superalloys where detailed information on γ' particle size is available, Fig. 3.
The total number of γ' and γ" particles is kept constant, which means that they shrink in size with increasing temperature.
Using the reported average grain size 50 µm and particle size 40 nm,[41] the room temperature yield strength of the alloy is calculated as 785 MPa.
Using the observed precipitate size 100 nm with a grain size of 175 µm, the calculated room temperature yield strength is 774 MPa and γ' particle size back Fig. 7.

The structural changes at the initials stages of sintering, characterised by the number of contact per particle and an increase of the areas of interparticle contact have been modelled and examined.
Despite the huge number of published studies, there remain big uncertainties about the materials properties.
As a result, strong grain coarsening occurs, so that the effort of synthesizing nanosized particles is lost during the sintering process.
Of course the local field extrema cause local extrema of the current density and Joule losses, which leads to the softening and partial melting and hence to an increase in the number and the size of the contact area.