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Maximum number of cycles is N = 10 7.
(1) The cutting radius data of all particles is rearranged into large order, and the data of the accumulation number * AM is obtained
(2) (Mvo: Particle number per 1µm3 when R ≥≥≥≥ Rc , Nvo: All particle number per 1 µm3, R: Radius of spherical particle, λ, ν: constant values) ( ) ( ) νν ν λ rD rM A ⋅−= − 1ln ln 2/1* , ( ) 00 2/ 2 ν ν λνπ NA D = (3) ( * AM : The number of grain whose a cut radius is more than r per control area, A0: control area) Estimation for fatigue limit.
(4) Table1 Chemical composition(mass%) Fig. 1 The microstructure Fig. 2 Geometry of test piece for fatigue test Fig. 4 Micrographs showing fatigue crack growth under σa=140MPa Al Zn Mn Si Cu Ni Fe Ca AZX312D(X=Ca) 3.6 0.72 0.39 0.006 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 1.97 AZX912D(X=Ca) 9.43 0.65 0.24 0.006 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 1.98 AMX602B(X=Ca) 5.98 0.0024 0.34 0.029 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 1.89 50µµµµm Fig. 6 Definition of area of inclusion 50µµµµm 104 105 106 107 50 100 150 200 AZX312D(X=Ca) AZX912D(X=Ca) AMX602B(X=Ca) Number

There is no clear joint interface between the two substrates in an appropriate solid volume loading and grain size.
It also can be seen that there is no clear welding interface between the two substrates, which is due to that the slurry coated can penetrate into the substrates by capillary action from a large number of pores in substrates before sintered.

A higher number of S phases appeared in low-Zn/Mg ratio alloy during homogenization treatment compared with mid-Zn/Mg ratio alloy with a regime of 465°C/24h.
Alloy number Wt. % At. % Zn Mg Cu Zr Fe Si Al Zn+Mg Zn/Mg A1 7.27 1.82 2.04 0.1 ＜0.01 ＜0.005 Bal. 6.3 1.5 A2 7.78 1.61 2.02 0.1 ＜0.01 ＜0.005 Bal. 6.3 1.7 A3 8.03 1.42 1.94 0.1 ＜0.01 ＜0.005 Bal. 6.3 2.0 Results and Discussion Microstructure and DSC analysis of as-cast Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloys The microstructure of three as-cast alloys under optical microscope (OM) are shown in Fig. 1.
Plenty of heterogeneous MgZn2 precipitates formed during the cooling of the ingots were observed around the grain boundaries [17].
In fact, the MgZn2 phase formed by Zn and Mg elements is only precipitated near the grain boundary, and its content is very small.

Applying this technique, mechanical quantities, ie stress, strain and microstructural properties, such as grain size, and heat treatment are investigated.
The present paper aims at calibrating the magnetic field, of an excitation coil of known specifications (number of windings, cross-sectional geometry, length, material), using a Hall sensor and finite element (FE) analysis.
(2) where I is the current of the excitation coil, N is the number of turns, L is the coil length in m and R the coil radius in m.
Calibration of the air region in terms of averaged values for Hmax Number of FE Air region (mxmxm) Hmax Error 300764 0.1x0.1x0.1 1541.2 -0.07 157465 0.08x0.08x0.08 1546.5 -0.08 64001 0.06x0.06x0.06 1544.7 -0.08 19684 0.04x0.04x0.04 1548.2 -0.08 86401 0.06x0.08x0.06 1544.7 -0.08 Furthermore, the mesh density of the air region is calibrated and the results are presented in Table 3.
Calibration of the mesh density in terms of averaged values for Hmax Number of FE Element size edge length (mm) Hmax Error 289 10 1177.0 0.18 2305 5 1460.6 -0.02 18433 2.5 1529.5 -0.07 10801 3 1509.0 -0.05 86408 1.5 1558.4 -0.09 Taking under consideration the error and the solution time, that increases as the number of FE increases, it is concluded that an element size edge length of 2.5 mm can be used and a 60x60x80 mm brick of air volume should be modeled around the coil.

There has been a growing interest in developing ultrafine-grained steels in order to get high strength with good ductility [1].
from the sample center, N is number of HPT turns and t is the thickness of sample.
A linear relationship between the MS value and the martensite volume fraction (Ca) was assumed [4] to be Ca=MS/MS0 (1) 10 Figure.4 Volume fraction of a¢ as a function of number of turns.
Figure.5 Volume fraction of a¢ (estimated by VSM) as a function of number of turns: (a) [5rpm,N=n]+[0.2rpm,N=5]; (b) [0.2rpm,N=5]+[0.2rpm,N=n] 48 49 50 (a) (b) 1) Austenite stabilization.
It is clear that a¢-martensite decreased with the subsequent increasing number of turns at 5rpm.

In generally, the direct trust value of the peer is evaluated with the traditional method which uses the ratio between the number of successful direct transactions and the number of all direct transactions.
(1) DT(u,v) denotes the direct trust value of the peer v evaluated by the peer u that has a direct relationship of trust with v, letter s denotes the number of successful direct transactions, letter f denotes the number of unsuccessful direct transaction.
The letter l is the pair peers number having direct transactions in each rule.
[3] LI Jun-qing, LI Xin-you, XIE Sheng-xian, LUO Hong-bin and LIU Guang-liang, “Research on dynamic fine grained access control in P2P networks,” Application Reseach of Computers, Vol.26, No. 4, Apr. 2009, pp. 1467-1470

The parent vesicles are prepared by coarse-grained lipid-like amphiphile molecules.
All the simulations are carried out in the NVT ensemble with constant particle number N, simulation box volume V, and temperature kBT = 1.
The total number of particles used in the simulation is 270 000 at a particle density of ρ= 3 r0-3 in a box of size 35×70×35 r03.
Time dependences of particle-pairs number.
The variation of energy is close related to the number of particle-pair.

After annealing at 600°С, a recrystallized structure starts to form; i. e., separate recrystallized grains with a size of 10–20 μm appear within the initial grains and along their boundaries (Fig. 19d, e).
Inside the β-phase grains, individual crystals of α-phase or their groups are observed.
The smaller structural elements inside these “traces” are the really grown recrystallized grains.
Number of cycles to failure was about 8800 for Ti-Nb-Ta and about 3300 for Ti-Nb-Zr alloy at 1.0% strain (approx. 780 MPa).
Zhu, Corrosion resistance of ultra fine-grained Ti, Scripta Mater. 51 (2004) 225-229

Especially when large numbers of samples are in the observation, manual interpretation method is often difficult to achieve the desired objectives.
This part of work is also done by DSP; Finally, the captured target image displays on the LCD screen together with its number and size.
The erosion process may separate different target stuck together and remove small grain noise.
After the completion of the expansion and erosion, we seek centroid with the obtained results and the number of nuclear tracks in the image is determined according to the number of centroid.
Size of track points marked with number 5 and 7 is significant different with one of the original image.

The conclusion is confirmed by the results of the experiment on coating precipitation in the course of time period (Fig.1), and also by Nernst equation: (1) where – equilibrium electrode potential; – standard electrode potential; R – universal gas constant; – absolute temperature; – number of electrodes participating in the reaction; – Faraday number (96493 C/mol electrons); – activity of metal ions in solution).
Under the germ of zinc coating should be considered a small crystal which consists of the minimum number of atoms essential for the formation of one elementary crystal cell [4, 5].
In such a way, for the rate of three-dimensional germ formation we obtain an equation: (6) Through this equation there is established a tie between the number germs formed and overstrain.
As a result metal is coated uniformly, crystals are closed forming a continuous fine-grained coating.
By experimental investigations it is shown that the formation of great number of micro/nano-crystals ensures a more complete overlapping of basic metal.