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One simple method to calculate this value is [5]: (3) where dg is the approximate grain diameter and C1 and n1 are constants.
For the wheel used,the approximate grain diameter equals dg = 0.19 mm.
The punch grinding cycle can consist of a single, a few or multiple passes, depending on the number of workpiece rotations required to removetotal stock.
The optimization problem can hence be written as: • minimize grinding cycle time tc • subject to: qm ≤ 600 ºC nw ≤ 100 rpm vfr ≤ 10 m/min The optimal number of grinding passes that yield minimal grinding cycle time is not known in advance.
The optimization problem is solved by the simulation model that yields optimal number of grinding passes and grinding parameters satisfying the optimization objective and constraints.

The microstructural characterization of seventy samples cut along the fabrication process was performed using a number of techniques [3].
At the output of this extrusion, δ and ε are essentially located in the α-matrix grain boundaries and at a shorter than 50 micrometers distance from the interfaces of the filaments belonging to the two most central rows [3].
Such an efficiency increases with both a diminution of the distance between the filaments and the reservoirs, and an augmentation of the number of solute atoms available for the reaction.
This number of atoms increases with the volume and/or the primitive Sn-content of the reservoirs.
Moreover, the compression of the Nb3Sn layer is also of chief importance for its grain size and internal strains, and thereby for the superconducting behaviour.

A large number of testing and engineering practice show that the load peak of fatigue failure caused by vibration is often much less than the static security load that estimated according to fracture analysis.
As the fatigue of actual material are the cumulative damnification in a certain range (usually a number of grain size), so some of the fatigue phenomenon can not be explained by the "fatigue design" of point theory (point stress, point strain, point energy, etc.).
The mathematical expression of the two parameters σ, ε, can be shown as follows ∫=Ω ij vrf V d)()( 1 ϕσ σ （7） ∫=Ω ij vrf V d)()( 1 ϕεε （8） where: Ω is the local damage region, which is a number of grain size in general for the fatigue problem.

However, modern materials used as bearings do not always fully meet a number of these requirements [2].
The most promising for their manufacture are high-strength titanium alloys of the near β - class, since they have a number of advantages: high technological plasticity when processing metals by pressure, low specific gravity and high hardness.
Metallographic analysis of the structure of these alloys in the cast state showed that it is homogeneous and is characterized by large β-grains and dispersed α-phase particles released from the β-phase during cooling to room temperature (fig. 1.)
Metallographic studies have shown that all alloys quenched from the β- region had the same type of structure consisting of β- grains, and after quenching from the (α+β) - region, the structure does not fundamentally differ from the structure after forging, but the number of α-phase particles was approximately the same for all three alloys (Fig. 3).

The hydrometer analysis for fine-grained soil used ASTM D 422: 1998.
The increase in OMC was proportionally limited due to a reduction in the thickness of the duplex layer, resulting in grain accumulation as sodium cations in the diffuse layer of kaolinite clay were replaced by silicon cations [1].
Fig. 2 Dry unit weight and moisture content of kaolinite ckay with different combinations SF, CKSA, and lime content Unconfined Compressive Strength Table 5 summarizes the average UCS values at various curing days, the number of repetitions for each test (N), and the strength improvement (S) for kaolinite clay stabilized with different proportions and combinations of SFSS with CKSA and lime.
Ltd for providing financial support for this research through various funding sources, including International Grant (Project Number UIC201503), and UMP Matching Grant (Project Numbers RDU202701, RDU223309).

Introduction High-temperature oxygen separation technologies based on mixed ionic and electronic conducting membranes (MIEC) receive a considerable attention due to a number of important advantages over polymer-based membranes [1-2].
For example, the first approach may include a treatment of one or two opposite surfaces to remove the surface material and to produce irregularities, thus providing a total increase in membrane surface area and, correspondingly, in the number of sites for the oxygen exchange reactions.
The surface loading density of PrOx was found to be almost independent on the number of immersion/drying steps and the immersion time, and amounted to 1.1 ± 0.2 mg/cm2.
Oxygen permeation measurements (Fig. 3) indicate that the presence of BaSO4 and Co3O4 has a negative effect on the permeation through BSCF capillaries, apparently arising from both a decrease in ionic conduction, due to contamination of the grain boundaries, and a severe blocking of the surface exchange reactions.
Since the modification of the grain boundaries to improve the ionic conduction without changing the phase-inversion binder appears to be a rather complicated task, attention was firstly given to surface modification which implies the activation of the surface of the sulfur-containing BSCF capillaries to increase their performance.

Despite the attenuation of compressive residual stress in the initial stage of operation, but when the cycle is up to 104 times, the number will tend to be steady and will still have a high level of residual compressive stress.
Under combining ultrasonic impact with static pressure function, metal surface evenly produces plastic deformation, which makes part surface and sub-surface causes a large number of dislocations and holes，it can make original state grain distance certain depth from the surface refined to obtain the corresponding nanometer structure layer[9].
It was claimed that the joint surface formed grain refinement layer whose thickness was about 100 ~ 150 μm.
Haagensen et al[15]of Norwegian University of Science and Technology took ultrasonic impact treatment to Weldox700 of high strength steel, the fatigue strength of sample increased by 121% after UIT, Andre Galtier[16] conducted respectively ultrasonic impact treatment to steel welded joint of USI FORM 355 (FY = 355 Mpa) and USI FORM700 (FY = 700 Mpa), Study found that welded joint fatigue strength of USI FORM355 steel increased from 320 Mpa to 480 Mpa which increased by 50% and welded joint fatigue strength of USI FORM700 steel increased by 67% in fatigue condition of the stress ratio R = 0.1, cyclic number N = 2 x 105.

Agricultural Pollutions Being richness in agriculture resource, Chongqing is grain production region and merchandise pork production base in China.
The total output of grain and meat are 11.5613 million tons and 1.9246 million tons, separately.
Due to separately lay-out for livestock and poultry rising, it’s hard to realize centralization operation and management, which caused a large number of feces randomly stacked.
With the completion of TGP, the shipping of the Yangtze River develops rapidly, with swift growth in the number of crossing ships.
The economic and social development imbalances between the urban and rural are more prominent, especially large numbers of immigrants, poverty reduction, and ecological and environmental problems are interwoven together.

The adhesion and density of the sprayed material depend on a very large number of input parameters, such as: the speed of the nozzle, the temperature of the carrier gas heating, the distance from the nozzle to the substrate, and most importantly the quality and degree of preparation of the sprayed mixture for application.
The deposition of powder materials occurs in the solid phase, which provides a number of advantages: the absence of phase transformations, low porosity, slight grain growth, adhesion with incompatible materials.
Number of passes: 9 4.
Due to the melting of the powder grains, in order to fix the particles in the layer, no large kinetic energy was required, and particles with even small velocities were deposited on the substrate.

Introduction The pneumatic vibration sieve cleaning device is wildly used in all kinds of crops for its simple and ideal effect[1-4] .Such as vegetables, tea, peanut and all kinds of grain were studied by scholars, but there were not many studies about ginkgos’ physical characteristics and cleaning device, the article designed a cleaning machine based on ginkgo’ suspension speed and its physical characteristics.
Table 1 Results of suspension speed test for Ginkgo seed Number Ginkgo fruit Ginkgo nuts Ginkgo fruit shell Vmin(m/s) Vmax(m/s) Vmin(m/s) Vma(m/s)x Vmin(m/s) Vmax(m/s) 1 14.3 14.5 15.3 15.6 6.3 6.3 2 13.8 14.1 15.9 16.1 7.5 7.7 3 13.9 14.2 15.2 15.4 6.3 7.1 4 13.7 14.0 15.6 15.9 7.3 7.5 5 13.8 14.1 15.5 15.8 6.8 7.4 Mean 13.9 14.18 15.5 15.76 6.84 7.2 Fig.1 Structure diagram of Ginkgo cleaning device 1. feeding hopper; 2.hopper control board; 3.fan; 4.belting; 5.eccentric gear; 6.electrical machinery; 7. fruit aggregate bin; 8.unhulled fruit aggregate bin; 9.vibrating screen; 10.inlet scoop; 11.air outlet; 12.body frame．
Table 3 Experimental design and results Number Code Response Feed quantity A（g/h） Wind speed B （m/s） Outlet angle C（°） Loss rate Y1（%） Cleaning rate Y2（%） 1 1 1 1 17.16 96.32 2 1 1 -1 19.82 97.44 3 1 -1 1 0 86.02 4 1 -1 -1 3.38 88.89 5 -1 1 1 13.79 94.64 6 -1 1 -1 15.93 95.24 7 -1 -1 1 2.65 89.44 8 -1 -1 -1 1.48 91.21 9 1.682 0 0 4.91 93.41 10 -1.682 0 0 3.89 95.54 11 0 1.682 0 29.57 97.42 12 0 -1.682 0 8.01 85.38 13 0 0 1.682 0 94.06 14 0 0 -1.682 3.51 96.54 15 0 0 0 6.38 95.31 16 0 0 0 5.29 95.48 17 0 0 0 5.57 94.94 (1)Regression model.
Tab. 6 The verification results of prioritization scheme 　Test item Serial number 1 2 3 Mean Cleaning rate（%） 94.72 96.73 95.84 95.68 Loss rate (%) 0.88 1.32 2.85 1.68 The experiment results shows that the loss rate, the cleaning rate were very close to the theoretical value, which indicats that the regression model established for the analysis and prediction of the clear effect of ginkgo’ fruit hulling was feasible.
Aerodynamic properties of grain/straw materials[J].Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 1990,Vol. 46,p.275-290