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Online since: November 2016
Authors: Erlinda O. Yape, Nathaniel M. Anacleto
Isothermal Carbothermic Reduction
Effect of Temperature on the Reduction of Chromite.
The ores had different reduction rates and reached different extent of reduction.
No trace of Cr reduction was observed for SCO reduction in this temperature (Fig. 2a).
It was also noted that the following equation can be used to fit the data of the early stage of reduction up to a reduction time of 20 minutes: -ln (1 – X) = k . t (3) where equation (3) is the kinetic model for nucleation control (Tanaka, et al 1987).
It was also found that the extent of reduction increased with increasing temperature and reduction time.
The ores had different reduction rates and reached different extent of reduction.
No trace of Cr reduction was observed for SCO reduction in this temperature (Fig. 2a).
It was also noted that the following equation can be used to fit the data of the early stage of reduction up to a reduction time of 20 minutes: -ln (1 – X) = k . t (3) where equation (3) is the kinetic model for nucleation control (Tanaka, et al 1987).
It was also found that the extent of reduction increased with increasing temperature and reduction time.
Online since: June 2014
Authors: Shuang Wang
At that time, the COD reduction rate(full aperture) will be 11.2%, the Sulfur dioxide emission reduction rate will be 6.5%, the Ammonia emission rate (full aperture) will be 13%, the Nitrogen oxide emission reduction rate will be 9.5%.
Then from the 35 industrial categories, select the pillar industries in Dalian City, which are also the 7 large industries of energy consumption, and then collect the specific industry evaluation index data of Dalian city in 2011( see Table 1).
Table 1 Evaluation Index Data of the Industrial Sector of Dalian City in 2011 The Industrial Output Value in 2011 Industrial Output Value (10Billion yuan) consumption of raw coal (10milion tons) oil consumption (10milion tons) heat consump- tion power consumption (KWH) Petroleum processing, coking and nuclear fuel processing 1296.56 0.14 2485.68 374.70 18.66 Chemical raw materials and chemical-products manufactory 419.60 153.26 141.05 2451.36 14.06 Non-metallic mineral products industry 224.34 211.83 12.20 41.83 20.48 Ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry 463.70 47.40 2.57 94.36 12.06 General equipment manufactory 1193.11 11.84 4.15 165.21 29.60 Electricity, heat production and supply industry 107.85 1456.49 0.49 0 15.52 Agricultural and sideline products processing industry 802.43 21.12 5.12 290.19 163.97 Note: Data from the "Statistical Yearbook of Dalian City " in 2012 .
that the Dalian City’s energy-saving and emission reduction work reap preliminary fruit.
But there still have some industries with low efficiency in energy conservation and emission reduction, and the potential to further proceed energy-saving emission reduction.
Then from the 35 industrial categories, select the pillar industries in Dalian City, which are also the 7 large industries of energy consumption, and then collect the specific industry evaluation index data of Dalian city in 2011( see Table 1).
Table 1 Evaluation Index Data of the Industrial Sector of Dalian City in 2011 The Industrial Output Value in 2011 Industrial Output Value (10Billion yuan) consumption of raw coal (10milion tons) oil consumption (10milion tons) heat consump- tion power consumption (KWH) Petroleum processing, coking and nuclear fuel processing 1296.56 0.14 2485.68 374.70 18.66 Chemical raw materials and chemical-products manufactory 419.60 153.26 141.05 2451.36 14.06 Non-metallic mineral products industry 224.34 211.83 12.20 41.83 20.48 Ferrous metal smelting and rolling processing industry 463.70 47.40 2.57 94.36 12.06 General equipment manufactory 1193.11 11.84 4.15 165.21 29.60 Electricity, heat production and supply industry 107.85 1456.49 0.49 0 15.52 Agricultural and sideline products processing industry 802.43 21.12 5.12 290.19 163.97 Note: Data from the "Statistical Yearbook of Dalian City " in 2012 .
that the Dalian City’s energy-saving and emission reduction work reap preliminary fruit.
But there still have some industries with low efficiency in energy conservation and emission reduction, and the potential to further proceed energy-saving emission reduction.
Online since: July 2006
Authors: Lj.M. Gajić-Krstajić, T.Lj. Trišović, B. Babić, Lj.M. Vračar
Kinetics of oxygen reduction on Pt/C catalyst.
The Koutecky-Levich plots obtained from the data in Fig. 3 are shown in Fig. 4.
The calculation was performed for a four-electron reduction using published data for O2 solubility, the solution viscosity and oxygen diffusivity [9].
The Tafel plot obtained from the obtained from the data in Fig. 3.
Tafel plots for O2 reduction on Pt/C reduction kinetics on Pt/C and bulk Pt in a 0.5 mol dm -3 and bulk Pt in 0.5 mol dm -3 HClO4 solution.
The Koutecky-Levich plots obtained from the data in Fig. 3 are shown in Fig. 4.
The calculation was performed for a four-electron reduction using published data for O2 solubility, the solution viscosity and oxygen diffusivity [9].
The Tafel plot obtained from the obtained from the data in Fig. 3.
Tafel plots for O2 reduction on Pt/C reduction kinetics on Pt/C and bulk Pt in a 0.5 mol dm -3 and bulk Pt in 0.5 mol dm -3 HClO4 solution.
Online since: May 2014
Authors: Le Mi, Hae Young Bae, Ying Xia
When the data is evenly distributed, regular interval and regular frequency are commonly used.
When data distribution is very uneven, discretization easily leads to information loss, and affects the final classification accuracy.
Therefore we process the simplified data using SVM training and learning techniques and implement affective semantic mapping.
Discretize the data in decision table by K-means clustering method to four categories.
However, in the case of big data, a more reasonable affective semantic classification method needs further study in the future.
When data distribution is very uneven, discretization easily leads to information loss, and affects the final classification accuracy.
Therefore we process the simplified data using SVM training and learning techniques and implement affective semantic mapping.
Discretize the data in decision table by K-means clustering method to four categories.
However, in the case of big data, a more reasonable affective semantic classification method needs further study in the future.
Online since: July 2014
Authors: Tian Tian Wang, Xiao Hong Su, Pei Jun Ma, Dan Dan Gong
Different paths contain different semantic information such as control dependence, data dependence and so on.
(3) Table 2 shows the mean percentage of test-suite reduction for our reduction strategy.
Program number of unreduced test-suite mean number of reduced test-suite mean percentage of test-suite reduction print_tokens 4129 2605 36.909% print_tokens2 4115 2156 47.606% replace 5542 3251 41.339% schedule 2650 2175 17.925% schedule2 2710 2278 15.941% tacas 1608 11 99.316% tot_info 1052 347 67.015% In order to further investigate the test-suite size reduction of each program, boxplot A boxplot is a standard statistical device for representing data sets.
The box’s height spans the central 50% of the data and its upper and lower ends mark the upper and lower quartiles.
Fig. 3 shows the percentage reduction for our reduction strategy.
(3) Table 2 shows the mean percentage of test-suite reduction for our reduction strategy.
Program number of unreduced test-suite mean number of reduced test-suite mean percentage of test-suite reduction print_tokens 4129 2605 36.909% print_tokens2 4115 2156 47.606% replace 5542 3251 41.339% schedule 2650 2175 17.925% schedule2 2710 2278 15.941% tacas 1608 11 99.316% tot_info 1052 347 67.015% In order to further investigate the test-suite size reduction of each program, boxplot A boxplot is a standard statistical device for representing data sets.
The box’s height spans the central 50% of the data and its upper and lower ends mark the upper and lower quartiles.
Fig. 3 shows the percentage reduction for our reduction strategy.
Online since: December 2013
Authors: Yong Hui Han, Liang Xiong Huang
This article conducted an empirical study with China’s provincial data in an attempt to test that whether China’s industrial restructuring may have an effect on emission reduction.
We would need more micro data for that purpose.
This article would use this database and collect provincial data from four-digit businesses.
This article has processed the data as follows: (1) deleted the data from mining industry, power industry, gas industry and water industry, only reserve the data from manufacturing industry; (2) rearranged the data before 2003 according to national economy industry classification(GB/T 4754-002); (3) filled up the missing data (such as added value, sales volume, gross output, output of new products, export value and other variables) in 2004 with the average value of the data from the year 2003 and 2004; (4) only reserved four-digit businesses that had complete data during 1998 to 2007.This article drew from the constructing method of indexes measuring the changes in government spending put forward by Brender & Drazen (2009), and constructed the following indexes to measure the extent of industrial restructuring: This construction is similar to that of Liu Kai’s (2007), and is called Michaeli index
All the other data of emissions come from the journal China Environment Yearbook.
We would need more micro data for that purpose.
This article would use this database and collect provincial data from four-digit businesses.
This article has processed the data as follows: (1) deleted the data from mining industry, power industry, gas industry and water industry, only reserve the data from manufacturing industry; (2) rearranged the data before 2003 according to national economy industry classification(GB/T 4754-002); (3) filled up the missing data (such as added value, sales volume, gross output, output of new products, export value and other variables) in 2004 with the average value of the data from the year 2003 and 2004; (4) only reserved four-digit businesses that had complete data during 1998 to 2007.This article drew from the constructing method of indexes measuring the changes in government spending put forward by Brender & Drazen (2009), and constructed the following indexes to measure the extent of industrial restructuring: This construction is similar to that of Liu Kai’s (2007), and is called Michaeli index
All the other data of emissions come from the journal China Environment Yearbook.
Online since: March 2015
Authors: Kurban Ubul, Umut Yunus, Askar Hamdulla, Zhen Hong Jia
As shown in Fig.1, after performing mapping and serial-to-parallel(S/P) conversion to the information bits of an arbitrary user (indexed by ), a data symbol is replicated into parallel copies.
We should notice IFFT number is a multiple of the spreading sequence length and data symbols length .
Hence, the estimation of this detector is (13) which is just the decoupled data plus a noise term.
After detecting as (15) we can further transform them to by using and recover efficient data symbol by .
Wang, Lattice-reduction-aided receivers for MIMO-OFDM in spatial multiplexing systems, Proc. of IEEE PIMRC2004, 2004, pp.798-802
We should notice IFFT number is a multiple of the spreading sequence length and data symbols length .
Hence, the estimation of this detector is (13) which is just the decoupled data plus a noise term.
After detecting as (15) we can further transform them to by using and recover efficient data symbol by .
Wang, Lattice-reduction-aided receivers for MIMO-OFDM in spatial multiplexing systems, Proc. of IEEE PIMRC2004, 2004, pp.798-802
Online since: March 2017
Authors: Mohamed Wahab Mohamed Hisham, Mohd Ambar Yarmo, Fairous Salleh, Tengku Shafazila Tengku Saharuddin, Alinda Samsuri, Rizafizah Othaman
As a catalyst, the reduction behaviour and the degree of reduction of the molybdenum species were highly important in such application.
For identification purposes of crystalline phase composition, diffraction patterns obtained were matched with standard diffraction data (JCPDS) file.
The TPR profile of MoO3 represents two reduction stage (denoted I and II) which stage I owing to peak displayed at early reaction time may regard to the reduction of MoO3 to Mo4O11, while stage II is subsequent to reduction steps of Mo4O11 to MoO2.
Fast reduction of Ag2O was promoting MoO3 to reduce together.
The data obtained from XRD evidenced the presence of Ag2Mo2O7 alloy on MoO3, which led to the effect on enhancing the reduction process by lowering the reduction temperature of MoO3 to MoO2 phase that was completed at after non-isothermal reduction until 700 °C and hold for 30 minutes at 700 °C compared to undoped MoO3.
For identification purposes of crystalline phase composition, diffraction patterns obtained were matched with standard diffraction data (JCPDS) file.
The TPR profile of MoO3 represents two reduction stage (denoted I and II) which stage I owing to peak displayed at early reaction time may regard to the reduction of MoO3 to Mo4O11, while stage II is subsequent to reduction steps of Mo4O11 to MoO2.
Fast reduction of Ag2O was promoting MoO3 to reduce together.
The data obtained from XRD evidenced the presence of Ag2Mo2O7 alloy on MoO3, which led to the effect on enhancing the reduction process by lowering the reduction temperature of MoO3 to MoO2 phase that was completed at after non-isothermal reduction until 700 °C and hold for 30 minutes at 700 °C compared to undoped MoO3.
Online since: December 2011
Authors: Zeng Wu Zhao, Yan Li, Fu Shun Zhang, Nai Xiang Feng
The time was calculated by equation (7) with the data of mass loss percentage, and its relationship between -ln(1-fc) is shown in Fig.3.
The relationship of time and 1-(1-f)1/3 was obtained by substitution of the data of mass loss fraction, shown in Fig5.
The relationship of time and 1-2/3f-(1-f)2/3 was obtained by substitution of the data of mass loss fraction, shown in Fig7.
The activation energy was calculated by the data from Fig.4, Fig 6 and Fig 8, while the controlling step was different, shown in Table 2.
If it was, the was 50-75kJ/mol, which was different from the experimental data.
The relationship of time and 1-(1-f)1/3 was obtained by substitution of the data of mass loss fraction, shown in Fig5.
The relationship of time and 1-2/3f-(1-f)2/3 was obtained by substitution of the data of mass loss fraction, shown in Fig7.
The activation energy was calculated by the data from Fig.4, Fig 6 and Fig 8, while the controlling step was different, shown in Table 2.
If it was, the was 50-75kJ/mol, which was different from the experimental data.
Online since: June 2012
Authors: Ya Jing Song, Shu Ping Wang
Spectrum Analysis of Cell Resistance
Data Sources.
The data sources, which this paper studies, are based on the electrolytic cell control system in 306KA.
And the sampling items adopted in electric-hydraulic control system simulation are data without abnormal step disturbance, removing artificial factors.
Data Pre-processing.
Here the original data takes away the average number of all the analyzing cell resistance to reduce the zero frequency influence.
The data sources, which this paper studies, are based on the electrolytic cell control system in 306KA.
And the sampling items adopted in electric-hydraulic control system simulation are data without abnormal step disturbance, removing artificial factors.
Data Pre-processing.
Here the original data takes away the average number of all the analyzing cell resistance to reduce the zero frequency influence.