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The significant increase of oxygen permeability and reduction of the water vapor permeability for the cellulose/modified nano-SiO2 composites films can be achieved with this method.
Small specimens with dimensions of 80×15mm were used for mechanical tests, and 5 measurements were carried out for each data point.
However, the tensile strength and the elongation begin to decrease, as the weight percent of inorganic particles increases continuously, suggesting that the high concentration of modified nano-SiO2 dominates the natural incompatibility of the inorganic and organic phases, and thus results in a reduction in toughness.

The surface roughness reduction is evident as the depth of cut increases from 23.5 mµ to 40 mµ .
The surface roughness reduction is evident as the nose radius increases from 0.2mm to 0.8mm.
Summary As previously described, a series of machining experiments concerning cutting parameters and nose radius are carried out under precision turning to obtain the data needed for developing the surface 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 23.5 30 40 50 56.8 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 13 20 30 40 47 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.4 (a)Depth of cut ( )mµ (b) Feed rate ( )mµ (c) Nose radius (mm) 13f mµ= 0.8r mmε= 56.8pa mµ= 0.8r mmε= 13f mµ= 56.8pa mµ= Fig.4.

Based on the data presented above, was obtained the Bode diagram (Fig.2), in case in which the external inductive and capacitive components of the impedance Ze are null and the actuator parameters are constant, only resistance R varying between 0.01Ω and 20Ω, with step 0.01Ω.
If inductance L increases further, passing from the value of 0.0056H to a value of 0.056H, and is recalculated the diagrams (Fig.8), (Fig.9) and (Fig.10) it can be noted that in fact there are practically no control zone for the electrical resistance that lead to a reduction of the maximum value.
The range of variation of electrical resistance associated with a reduction of the maximum at mechanical resonance is much lower and the decrease is itself reduced (decrease is until about3.3 ms-1/ms-1).In this area appears even a decrease in the mechanical resonance frequency, which is convenient (Fig.13).

The data was further compared by the average maximum value of load and elongation under flexure, being the results shown in Table 3.
Table 4: Average values of maximum load [kN], time [ms] and sample deflexion [mm] at maximum load, reduction on indenter velocity [%] and indenter final energy [J].
Drop weight test also pointed out higher performance of benzoxazine resin, with the laminates reaching energy reduction of 7.50% over 0% of CARALL samples in impact tests.

The gas pressure inside the combustion chamber was measured by a piezoelectric pressure transducer (Kistler, 601A) and recorded by data acquisition.
[5] Okamoto, S., Shibamoto, R., Kidoguchi, Y. and Miwa, K., "Effect of High Turbulence Mixing on Reduction of Exhaust Emissions from a DI Diesel Engine Employing EGR and Pilot Injection", Trans. of JSAE, Vol.38, No.2, pp.93-99, 2007
[6] Noge, H., Kidoguchi, Y. and Miwa, K., "A study on NO Reduction Caused by Thermal Cracking Hydrocarbons during Rich Diesel Combustion", JSME International Journal, Series B, Vol.49, No.2, pp.526-532, 2006

Assuming the dependence of crystallite size on the depth of the porous layer, the data can be interpreted in such a way that the indium-enhanced luminescence is more concentrated on the uppermost region of the PSN layer.
However, such a doping reaction during the plating may result in the blueshift due to the reaction-induced size reduction of the nm-size Si crystallites.
Another possibility is that a partial oxidation or a metal-induced interfacial reaction during the plating may result in the blueshift due to the reaction-induced size reduction of the nmsize Si crystallites.

The thermal diffusivity between 20˚C to 1400˚C was measured using a laser flash apparatus.The thermal conductivity λ was calculated from the density ρ, heat capacity Cp and thermal diffusivity α, using the equation (3): λ=ραCp (3) Because the samples were not fully dense, the measured thermal conductivity λ was modified for the actual data λ0 using equation (4): λ/λ0=1-4φ/3 (4) Where φ is the fraction of porosity inside the sintered sample which was determined using the relationship φ=1-ρ/ρt, ρt is the theoretical density.
The reduction in the porous thermal conductivity of LaYSZ is 15%, 18.3% and 19.5% at 30˚C, 400˚C, 700˚C, respectively.
This result has been reported by other researchers[9].The lower porous thermal conductivity of LaYSZ could be attributed to the more homogeneous distribution of pores in samples which decrease the thermal conductivity by reducing the phonon mean free path, so it can be concluded that the promotion of sintering-resistance is beneficial for the reduction of thermal conductivity.

.% SiC was investigated in this study to fulfill the lack of data available in the literature.
This may be attributed to reduction in the amount of porosities during sintering which leads to more dense materials.
This is due to the reduction of the space between powder particles at the high pressure. (2) for the samples compacted at the same pressure, the porosity content decreases as the sample held at sintering temperature for longer time.

The data were collected until 1000 °C.
This can be confirmed by the size of test casting for the hypereutectic conditions that are larger than the mold cavity by +0.17% where all other conditions showed the size reduction up to -1.46%.
All testing castings showed the size reduction (measured at room temperature) ranging from -0.40 to -1.44% except the hypereutectic compositions which showed the swelling (+0.03 to +0.17%).

There have been a number of developments encompassing different aspects of product development such as design, analysis and manufacture with reduction of product lead time as the main target.
The reverse engineering technology aided by 3D digitising was reported to aid designing of cores and allow drastic reduction in the time to fabricate core boxes and a faster shape metrology control of prototype core boxes for the foundry.
While production of complex castings by CNC machining using cutter path data generated from CAD models and replacement of traditional wax patterns by RP prototypes in investment casting are some examples of reducing total time from design to castings, direct production of sand moulds by 3D printing opens up further avenues for rapid casting.