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The grain size of sample was estimated to be about 100 nm in Fig. 2(a).
The equivalent sized beta-FeSi2 grains were prepared on Si(001) substrate.
Therefore, in the process of crystallographic orientation, the number of conduction carrier will be decreased small polaron effect [12].

Symbols Property Value Units T Temperature [ oC] T0 Initial temperature 27 [ o C] Tp Peak temperature 1236 [ o C] t Time [sec] τ Thermal time [sec] A Absorptivity 80 [%] K Thermal conductivity 0.041 [Watts/mm o C] q Laser power 160 [Watts] α Thermal diffusivity 9.1 [mm 2/sec] v Velocity 5.0 [mm/sec] rB Beam radius 0.4 [mm] zo Heat diffusion distance during interaction 0.001 [mm] to=rB2/4α Time constant for heat diffusion beam radius 0.004 [sec] tc=rB/v Interaction time 0.08 [sec] c Carbon contents [%] A1 A1 temperature 723 [ o C] A3 A3 temperature (1183-416c+228c 2) [ oC] g Grain size 10-5 [m] R Gas constant 0.83 [J/(mole o C )] Q Activation energy c-diffusion in Austenite 135 [KJ/mole] D0 Pre-exponential c-diffusion in Austenite 10 -5 [m 2/s] cc Critical value of c 0.05 [%] ce Austenite carbon content 0.8 [%] When a laser beam of power q and radius rB is moved in x direction, with velocity v across
The extent of these changes depends upon the total number of diffusive jumps during the cycle and could be measured by the kinetic strength of the heat cycle.
The volume fraction occupied by pearlite or minimum subsequent volume fraction of martensite is: The volume fraction of martensite depends upon grain size, g, as described in [ 4,7,8], with The Vickers hardness Hv of the treated surface varies with depth and depends upon the volume fraction of martensite and its carbon contents.

On the other hand, microwave irradiation as a heating source has been found and developed for a number of applications in chemical and ceramic processing.
The average grain sizes were determined from XRD patterns according to the Scherrer's formula [12].
D = kλ/βcosθ, where D is the average grain size, k is a constant equal to 0.89, λ is the wavelength of X-rays equal to 0.1542 nm and β the corrected half-width that is 40 nm (a) 40 nm40 nm (a) (c) 40 nm (c) 40 nm40 nm (d) 40 nm (d) 40 nm40 nm (b) 40 nm (b) 40 nm40 nm Fig. 4, TEM of the nano-sized (a) CaMoO4, (b) NiMoO4, (c) CaWO4 and (d) NiWO4 powders heat-treated at 600 rC for 3 h. 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Intensity (a.u) (a) (b) (c) (d) 2 � Fig. 3, XRD patterns of the (a)CaMoO4, (b)NiMoO4, (c)CaWO4 and (d)NiWO4 powders heat-treated at 500 rC for 3 h. ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� 7HPS � &@ � � �� �� P� 7�$ � �� X9 '7$ ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� 7HPS � &@ � � � �� �� P� 7�$ � �� ��� ��� X9 '7$ ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� 7HPS � &@ � � � �� �� P� 7�$ � �� � �� � �� �� �� X9 '7$ ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� 7HPS � &@ � � � � �� P� 7�$ � �� � �� � �� �� X9 '7$ (a) (b) (c) (d) TG DT Fig. 2, TG-DTA

The as-cast microstructure of AZ91D has typically a primary α-phase matrix and a divorced eutectic distributed along the α-phase grain boundaries [1-3].
AZ91D alloy has weak corrosion resistance for its microstructure with α-phase matrix and β eutectic phase distributed along the α-phase grain boundaries.
Table 2 Results of orthogonal experiment l9(33) for the process parameters of electroless ni–p plating on AZ91D Sample number A Temperature(℃) B Time (min) C pH Corrosion Potential Ecor SCE(V) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 75 75 75 80 80 80 85 85 85 60 90 120 60 90 120 60 90 120 5.5 6.5 7.5 6.5 7.5 5.5 7.5 5.5 6.5 -1.115 -0.725 -0.615 -0.653 -1.000 -0.538 -0.519 -0.731 -1.077 K1 K2 K3 R -2.455 -2.191 -2.327 0.264 -2.287 -2.456 -2.230 0.226 -2.384 -2.455 -2.134 0.321 K1, K2, K3—sum of corrosion potential of level 1, level 2 and level 3, respectively.

The Low Frequency Electromagnetic Casting (LFEC) process shows significant advantages including grain refinement [8,9] and elimination or reduction of hot tearing.
Intensive melt shearing provided by a twin-screw mechanism has shown a significant grain refining effect on both aluminium and magnesium alloys [11,12].
Such oxides may act as substrates for nucleation but are not effective for refining primary silicon due to their cluster or film morphology and low number density.

In this paper, a new polishing method by using fixed soft abrasive film is proposed, which uses polymer as binder material and coats different grain size characteristics of the soft abrasive on the elastic thin film substrate.
As pressure increases, particle shedding number increases, this is because particles on the second layer of the rough peak separates from each other and falls off.
Geubelle, Grain-level analysis of dynamic fragmentation of ceramics under multi-axial compression, J. the Mechanics and Physics of Solids. 56 (2008) 993-1017

In case of petroleum coke and synthetic graphite, folds and strongly curved layers are visible during the observation of whole grains.
Capital letter ‘S’ in the number of melt means cast iron melted on a basis of pig iron.
On the basis of analysis of synthetic cast iron matrix (melted on a basis of steel scrap) and cast iron melted on a basis of pig iron it can be claimed that in prevalent part of samples appears pearlitic matrix or pearlitic with small quantity of ferrite around graphite grains.

The low thermal conductivity of titanium alloys causes superheating in the HAZ, increases the grain size and produces residual stresses in the HAZ, exerting a negative effect [7].
Fig. 5(a) and (b) show the evolution of cyclic stress amplitude as a function of the number of cycles at different strain amplitudes in the aging and STA conditions, respectively.
(b) (a) Fig. 5 Stress amplitude vs. the number of cycles at different total strain amplitudes in the (a) aging condition, and (b) STA condition.
Fig. 6 Total strain amplitude as a function of the number of cycles to failure in the aging and STA conditions.
Lindley, The effect of grain orientation on fracture morphology during high-cycle fatigue of Ti-6Al-4V, Acta Mater. 57 (2009) 3584-3595

Of special interest is a recent publication dealing with the magnetic exchange bias of more than 1T observed in the grains of titanoheamatite (FeTiO3 bearing Fe2O3) mineral [1].
IH series were studied processing ceramic samples of a large number of compositions to understand their structural, magnetic and electrical properties [13, 21].
The grains are well developed and homogenous.
The process can be cycled infinite number of times and controlled switching can be programmed and predicted precisely.
We have provided a large number of references for the benefit of those who might be interested in studying this fascinating system.

Again, conventional material can suffer from hard and soft regions, sometimes with macrozones (effective structural units of grain clusters) up to millimetres in size.
In fact, due to the fine-grained material and random texture, forging is commonly much easier than when using conventional titanium alloy billet feedstock from the VAR process which has more heterogeneous textures due to the convoluted strain paths during open die forging.
A number of titanium alloys have now been processed through the FAST-roll route.
S.L. was also supported by Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) [grant number DSTLX-1000148418].
The EPSRC for funding equipment in the Henry Royce Institute at Sheffield, grant numbers EP/R00661X/1 and EP/P02470X/1, is also gratefully acknowledged.