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The structure of austenitic steel before and after 25% of total number of cycles of low cycle fatigue tests conducted at room temperature is studied using TEM.
The X-ray analysis [2] showed that the value of microstress weakly depends on number of cycles.
It is recognized that main role in fracture process [6] play dislocation structure, grain boundary precipitates and grains of δ-ferrite [7-8].
In some grains the deformation twins are found to be grouped.
However, there are some grains without twins, or their number is too small.

The numbers of the α-Al grains and Si grains decreasing with increasing melt temperature indicates that the effect of ultrasound radiation on nucleation depends on the melt temperature.
If α-Al and Si grains were nucleated by inclusions mixed with the acoustic stream, all samples made with ultrasound radiation would have same number of α-Al and Si grains, because the number of inclusions mixed by acoustic stream induced by ultrasound radiation will not change with melt temperature.
So crystal nucleus of α-Al, induced by ultrasound radiation, must be melted and can not be observed Fig. 5 Effect of melt temperature during ultrasound radiation for 10 s on quenched microstructure, (a) 583 oC, (b) 587 oC, (c) 592 oC, (d) 597 oC and (e) 601 o C 200 µm (d) 200 µm (e) 200 µm (a) 200 µm (b) 200 µm (c) 0 10 20 30 40 50580 590 600 Grain size[µm] 0 5 10 15 Number of Si grains per mm 2 Grain size Si number Fig. 6 Effect of molten aluminum alloy temperature on size and number of Silicon grains Temperature [oC] because of high melt temperature.
From observation of these microstructures, the size and number of Si grains are measured and the result is shown in Fig. 8.
If α-Al Fig. 7 Effect of holding time after ultrasound radiation for 10s on quenched microstructure, (a)without ultrasound radiation,(b)right after termination of ultrasound radiation for 10s, (c)60s after termination,(d)300s,(e)900s and (f)2700s 200 µm 200 µm 200 µm 200 µm 200 µm 200 µm (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 1000 2000 3000 Time[s] Grain size[µm] 0 5 10 15Number of Silicon grains per mm 2 Grain size Si number Fig. 8 Effect of holding time on size and number of Silicon grains and Si grains were nucleated by inclusions, they would not change their shapes and decrease in number with increasing holding time.

Brewer's grain protein, homemade [13].
Hydrolyzes of brewer's grain protein hydrolyzed with Alcalase have no inhibitory activity.
With the reduction in the amount of the sample, the number of colonies increased gradually.
MIC of Brewer's grains peptide samples BSG-F3-3-6 for Staphylococcus aureus is 2%.
Ltd. for supplying the Brewer's grains.

Fine uniform equiaxed grains are acquired in the whole ingot from the PMF treatment, in contrast with the coarse columnar grains observed in conventional casting, and the average grain size is refined to 260 mm with a 5Hz PMF treatment.
The constitution of the morphology is equiaxed grains in the centre and thin columnar grains at the edge.
With the 5Hz PMF treatment, totally refined equiaxed grains are achieved and the average grain size is refined to 260mm as shown in Fig. 2(c).
The mould size also affects the grain refinement.
The direction of stress is approximately vertical to the growth of the primary dendrites and secondary dendrites during solidification, which contributes to the fracture of the dendrites and increases the number of nuclei.

Many studies have being developed concerning grain size optimization.
It is interesting to obtain the largest number of grains with the direction [100], and a smaller number of those with the direction [111] parallel to the plate surface due to the characteristics of the crystal magnetic anisotropy of Fe-Si [1,2].
Park and Szpunar [5] studied the development of texture during the grain growth in non-oriented-grain electrical steels with 1 and 2% Si.
Fig. 3a was split in figures 3b grains with substructure and 3c grains free of substructure.
Deformed grains present a component and recrystallized grains show texture concentrated in (111) fiber with components 111[011], 111[110] and111[132].

Grains get finer, they are not equiaxed any more, there are bends and windings, and grain boundaries are markedly curved.
The deformation microbands are also observed in some areas, but they are narrower than in previous cases, and in many electron diffraction patterns there are Debye rings with a large number of the reflections (Fig. 8f).
Grain sizes in the initial coarse-grained specimen range from 50 to 400 mm, their average size being 200 mm.
The microhardness of Ni versus the number of passes by DCAP is demonstrated in Fig. 10.
Microhardness of Ni versus the number of passes by DCAP after 1 pass of DCAP the microhardness increases from about 1300 MPa in the initial state to 2600 MPa, and after 3 passes it is as high as 3200 MPa.

This technique opens for studies of both overall grain growth as well as the growth of individual grains.
Due to the submicron grain structure after ECAP, and since the XRD experiments were to be carried out in a Laue transmission geometry, even thinner areas had to be made (~100-200 µm) in order to reduce the number of diffracting grains and to be able to treat them individually.
In-situ grain growth studies.
Note that the degree of rotation around PD varies from grain to grain.
Grain growth kinetics.

The purpose of the article is to investigate the effect of displacement amplitude, size of grain and test temperature on the fretting wear of the pure titanium in coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained states.
Unfortunately, the number of works that study the structural refinement effect on fretting wear, fretting corrosion or fretting fatigue is clearly not enough [13–15].
The total number of cycles is 100,000.
Tribological tests were carried out on Grade 4 alloy in coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained states under conditions approaching fretting wear.
Zhu, Corrosion resistance of ultrafine-grained Ti, Scripta Materialia, 51 (2004) 225-229

The prepared particle reinforced aluminum matrix composite increased the number of nucleation during the process of solidification and enhanced the wear resistance, and refined the grain size, which can provide a strong basis for the new generation of light-weight and high-strength aluminum alloy drill pipe materials.
With the increase of TiB2 mass fraction (from 1wt. % to 3wt. %), the grain size of composites and grain boundary became smaller and cleaner, respectively (Fig. 1(b-d)).
When the addition amount reached to 3 wt. %, the grain was obviously refined and the flocs were mainly distributed at grain boundaries.
Compared with the 7075 aluminum matrix material, the grain boundaries of the composite with 1 wt. % TiB2 were clearer and the grain sizes were smaller.
The grain boundary of the obtained microstructure was clearer and cleaner.

Introduction Grain plays an important role in Chinese food safety and national economy.
Chinese grain situation will be still in tight balance, and there must be an increase above 4000 million kg annually in order to meet the demand of grain in 2020 [1].
This may influence the situation of grain production and supply.
Table 2：The corn production efficiency distribution of the farm households (in the year of 2011) CRSTE VRSTE SCALE Efficiency score grouping Numbers of Households Proportion % Numbers of Households Proportion % Numbers of Households Proportion % 1 4 2.34 11 6.4 4 2.34 0.9~1 3 1.75 8 4.7 95 55.56 0.8~0.9 10 5.85 11 6.4 58 33.9 0.7~0.8 12 7.02 19 11 5 2.92 0.6~0.7 33 19.3 39 23 4 2.34 0.5~0.6 42 24.57 41 24 3 1.75 0.4~0.5 48 28.0 27 16 1 0.58 0.3~0.4 12 7.02 12 7 0 0 <0.3 7 4.09 3 1.8 1 0.58 >Average values 80 46.78 70 41 109 63.74 The impact of industrialization and urbanization has brought an increasing number of young persons leaving from agriculture, which led to the aging showing a negative effect.