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Introduction Severe plastic deformation (SPD) for metallic materials produces ultra fine grains (UFG) [1-3].
Figure 5 shows variation of fp as a function of the number of ECAP passes.
With increasing the number of ECAP passes, fp in route A is strongly increased.
Fig. 6 Mean size of Al3Ti particles as a function of the number of ECAP passes.
Fig. 6 shows mean size of Al3Ti particles as a function of the number of ECAP passes.

Near infrared refers to the electromagnetic waves, which between visible wavelength area and mid-ir area, its wavelength is about for 780 ~ 2500nm, wave number range is about 12500cm-1～4000cm-1.
After being aged determining the seed germination rate: Placing soybean seed samples in petri dishes, each dish 50 grain.
Within this range, comparing the misjudgment numbers.
Fig.3 shows, the misjudgment numbers of Standard normalized (NORMALIZE) is obviously less than others'.
Fig.3 The relationship between misclassifications and principal components in calibration set with four preprocessing methods 2.2 Correction and Forecasting Result Analysis In a model calibration process, the number of principal components is the main factor for establishing model.

Definition 2: Function hierarchy matrix is upper triangular matrix, is the total nodes of function tree, diagonal element is the serial number of function (can be character type), non-diagonal element is 0 or 1, presume i, j is the node of the function tree, connect the line of i and j.
Different industry can give out its function unit table that fit with its demand based on its prosperity, and classify number its function unit, at the same time, construct its corresponding meta-module table, the relationship between function unit and meta-module table in this paper see in figure 4.
This paper analyzed the product’s function for mature products, used function hierarchy matrix and function incidence matrix to express function and its relationship that is beneficial to realize computer programming, established function unit table as a basis for the grain size of function decomposition that is avoid too thick or meticulous.
This paper also discussed the corresponding relationship between the structure of function unit table and meta-module table, the mapping relationship between the decomposition results of combine function and “function--structure”, lay the foundation for mature product’s modularization Acknowledgments This work was supported by the open foundation of Huaian Research Institute of Hohai University, the national natural science foundation of China under Grant number 51175146 and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under grant number 2012B14014.

In particular, plate shaped particles are very common, and in these cases the microstructural parameters (particle size, number density, volume fraction etc.) that are most important to control for strengthening are not obvious.
For each aging duration, the average θ' precipitate plate length (L), thickness (th) and number density (N) was measured from micrographs taken with the electron beam oriented parallel to the [001]α zone axis of the Al matrix.
v θ' α soft impingement solute depleted zone {100} plane (i) (ii) (iii) Fig. 2 Evolution with ageing time of the yield strength (σy), the precipitate number density (N), length (L), thickness (th) and volume fraction (Vf).
To calculate the yield strength, the contributions of the matrix and the grain boundaries GROWTH COARSENING GROWTH COARSENING GROWTH COARSENING N L Vf σy th θ' θ' {111} α Slip plane λ (σ0) as well as from the solutional solute (σSS) must also be considered.
This is very different to the case of spherical particles where the size, number density and volume fraction of particles are the key microstructural parameters.

Mean field theory made in terms of several surface integrals is also used to coarse grain the molecular interactions between molecules resulting in rapid computational speed.
The cavity of graphene sheet comprises both the bulk and absorption regimes, from which the usual van der Waal equation could be used to deduce the number density of CO2 in the bulk regime while the multi-scale technique has to be incorporated into the modified van der Waals equation to take into account the interactions between molecules.
Theory Here, double layered graphene sheets are considered and we assume the carbon atoms are smeared across the surface of graphene so that mean field theory could be used to approximate the pairwise interactions between CO2 and the host structure, which is given by Eh=ηπ-A21h4+1S-h4+B51h10+1S-h10, (1) where η, A, B, S and h denote the number density of carbon atoms on graphene, the attractive constant, the repulsive constant, the separation between two graphenes and the height S ≥ h ≥ 0, respectively.
The total number density of CO2 in the system is therefore n=nad+nbulk.
However, the number density given by Eq. (3) suffers from singularities when the temperature T becomes zero or the external pressure P becomes infinity, which is physically infeasible.

It results a large number of cracking products (Fig. 1), which significantly reduces qualified rate.In the paper, samples prepared by different melting temperature and holding time were analyzed by SEM and XRF.
Table1 Preparation Processs of Cu-Bi master alloy Sample number Melt temperature/℃ Holding time/s 1# 1100 120 2# 1150 120 3# 1200 120 4# 1150 60 5# 1150 180 6# 1150 120 7# 1150 120 Results and Discussion Phase and Microstructure.
The figure shows that there is a white phase, which is proved to be bismuth by EDS analysis(shown in Fig.3(b)), existing on the grain boundary, and it distributes uniform comparatively.
Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under granted number 50974063 and Institute of Research and Engineering Innovation and Technology Fund under granted number JUST.GCY-2010-03.

Therefore, in the joining zone, the base material has a ferritic structure, with polyhedral grains, unaffected by heating during the weld brazing process (figure 1).
The test can be stopped after a number of hours as follows: 2, 6, 24, 48, 96, 168, 240, 480, 720, 1000.
The corrosion resistance of the galvanized sheet metal brazed joints is analyzed according to the following aspects: - the number of hours until it can highlight rust on the steel; - the number of hours until 5% of the controlled area is rusty; - the number of hours until 10% of the controlled area is rusty.

In addition, strain CF27 forms large macroscopic aggregates of mineral grains enmeshed with bacterial biomass in liquid media, suggesting a greater propensity for extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) biofilm formation than in other strains.
At. ferrivorans CF27 Genome size (bp) 3,441,689 Number of contigs 82 Predicted CDS 3,933 G+C content (%) 56.4 Coding density (%) 89.2 Mean CDS length (bp) 802.3 Maximal CDS length (bp) 5,304 tRNAs 71 (20) 5/16/23S 1/1/1 IS/Transposases 56 Proteins assigned to COGs 2,506 (63.7%) Proteins involved in: Replication, recombination and repair 289 (7.3%) Amino acid transport and metabolism 283 (7.2%) Inorganic ion transport metabolism 241 (6.1%) Proteins with predicted function 2,330 (58.0%) C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V No hit Figure 1.
(a) Iron oxidation Function Gene/operon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fe(II)àO2 rus Fe(II)àNAD petI rusB 2 Fe(II) oxidase iro in white lettering, the number of genes/operons (b) Sulfur compound oxidation substrate Product Function Gene/operon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 H2S H2Sn Sulfide quinone reductase sqr 2 2 2 2 2 SO42- Sox system soxXYZAB 2 2 2 ps ps S2O32- S4O62- Thiosulfate quinone reductase doxDA 2 2 2 SO42- Sox system soxXYZAB 2 2 2 ps ps S4O62- S2O32- Tetrathionate hydrolase tth 3 3 2 S SO42- Sox system soxXYZAB 2 2 2 ps ps SO32- Heterodisulfide reductase hdr SO32- S2O32- H2S Sulfur oxygenase reductase sor SO32- SO42- Sox system soxXYZAB 2 2 2 ps ps SO42- ATP sulfurylase sat/cytC O2 H2O Quinol oxidase cyoABCD 3 3 2 3 3 O2 H2O Quinol oxidase cydAB 6 6 5 bc1 complex petII in white lettering, the number of genes/operons (c) cell structure biosynthesis
Conclusions Preliminary analysis of At. ferrivorans CF27 genome sequence has shown that (i) in contrast to all of the other At. ferrivorans described so far, it has no rusB gene; (ii) At. ferrivorans SS3 and CF27 have most of the genes shown in At. ferrooxidans, At. thiooxidans and At. caldus to be involved in the oxidation of reduced sulphur compounds, except cydAB; however, their sox system seems to be not functional; (iii) a number of genes involved in EPS biosynthesis (GDP-L-fucose and UDP-D-glucuronate) have been detected only in At. ferrivorans CF27 which could explain its propensity to form gelatinous macroscopic growths in liquid media.

It can be seen from Figure 1(a) that the normalized microstructure of ZG30Mn is granular bainite, and there are a large number of strips or blocks M/A islands on the bainite ferrite matrix.
In the subsequent cooling process, the transformation of the retained austenite to martensite / austenite island (M/A island) with long strip and sharp angle takes place in ferrite grain boundary.
After tempering, the hard phase M/A islands decompose, the number of M/A islands decreases gradually, and the effect of the microstructure on the strength decreases.
In the process of bainite transformation, a large number of dislocations will be produced in the bainite.
In addition, a large number of massive or strip-shaped M/A islands are distributed in the normalized microstructure of ZG30Mn, which causes lattice distortion around the M/A islands.

There were significant differences in the cell number between the naked and coated samples after culturing for 3 and 5 days (p<0.05).
For the proliferation tests, the cells number was determined with a hemocytocounter.
From Fig.4b, it can be seen that the dense MgF2 coating, which is composed of fine grains sized in nanoscale, is covered on the surface of HF treated Mg-Zn-Zr alloy.
Meanwhile, there were significant statistical differences in the cell number between the two specimens after culturing for 3 and 5 days (p<0.05).
Moreover, there were significant statistical differences in the cell number between the two specimens after culturing for 3 and 5 days (p<0.05).