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Concentration dependence of the modified 110G13L steel lattice parameter Additional modification of 110G13L (Russian grade) steel with Cr and Nb elements leads to the reduction of the initial coherent scattering region from 1,500 A to 150-350 A.
An essential parameter is the intensity of coherent scattering region reduction due to straining because the coherent scattering region provides a significant contribution to the increase of steel yield point, and plays an important role in the resistance to abrasive wear.
In such a case, the intensity of blocks size reduction in modified steel is higher than that in commercial one.
The summary data on particle size and topography obtained by studying a large number of replica images are given in Table 2.

However, the calcium phosphate coatings cannot be directly electroplated onto the substrate instead the reduction of water occurs at the surface of cathode.
Ag/AgCl) indicating that the cathodic processes (oxygen reduction and layer reduction) are diffusion controlled.
|bc| (mV/dec.) jcorr (nA/cm2) Ecorr (mV) Rp (kΩ•cm2) Ti6Al4V 153 128 14.1 107 2146 CaP/Ti6Al4V 224 197 18.2 -40 2518 AgCaP/Ti6Al4V 168 96 36.3 -130 731 Data of Table 1 demonstrate that the CaP layer possesses the highest polarization resistance (2518 kΩ•cm2) owing to the layer’s compact structure, while the silver modified CaP layer has the lowest resistance proving that during immersion mainly silver dissolution take place.

The improvement of the properties of PM steels has traditionally been achieved through a reduction of the porosity [1-4] or modifying their composition [5].
The high-temperature behavior of ferritic stainless steels have just started to be studied in depth, after proving that they are much more oxidation resistant than austenitic and duplex grades [6], but there are no published data about the effect of increasing their Si content in a prealloyed way.
However, other authors suggest that the reduction on the oxidation rate is caused by a discontinuous network of silica particles at, and beneath, the steel-chromia interface [8,12].
The reduction of the porosity with the sintering temperature (Fig. 1) causes the increases on the hardness that dominates over the effect of the grain-size growth (Fig.2). 434L+2%Si steel always exhibit higher mechanical properties than commercial 434L steels (Fig. 3) sintered at the same temperature, in spite of being more porous (Fig. 1).

The conventional preparation route for YSZ-Ni anodes consists on mixing YSZ and NiO oxides followed by sintering in oxidant atmosphere and a further reduction step at 900-1000°C or in situ by the fuel during the SOFC operation [2, 4, 5].
The shrinkage produced by the reduction of NiO to Ni is quite small.
From the data and powder characteristic noted after MA, it is suggested the small oxidation in air milled sample can work as process controller avoiding excessive Ni cold welding, leading to smaller particle sizes in less time.
Among the MA powders, the higher the energy of milling the lower the sintering start temperature: for instance, sample 1A1H shows a reduction on sintering start temperature of 130°C compared to simple mixed 3ASMIX sample (990 against 1120°C).

Therefore, reduction curves [8] were adopted for the elastic modulus and the yield strength of raw steel due to the elevated temperatures as shown in Fig. 5.
Fig. 6 Assumed time history of temperature Fig. 5 Strength reduction curves of raw steel due to elevated temperatures [8] (a) Elastic modulus (b) Yield strength Fig. 4 Assumed fire patterns (21F-24F) Pattern B Pattern A Y X Fig. 3 30-story, seven-span tower model 120m Front view Upper view 28m 28m Core structure Outrigger truss system Z X Y Figures 7 and 8 show the collapse modes of the tower exposed to each fire pattern when the member joint strength ratio CM was set to 0.3 and the axial force ratio in the columns of the 1st floor was set to 0.33 with the regular-strength outrigger truss system (structural strength similar to the beams on the 1st floor) placed on the roof.
In all of the cases, total collapse was inevitable, and the results clearly show the effect of the weakness of the member joints compared to the fully rigid joints and the effect of the strength reduction due to the elevated temperatures.
[5] ASCE/FEMA, World Trade Center Building Performance Study: Data Collection, Preliminary Observation and Recommendations, (2002)

Raman data were recorded using Invia Raman Microscope (Renishaw) at room temperature with argon ion laser excitation at 514 nm (5 mW power) over a range 0 – 3200 cm−1. 3.
High quality CNTs produced with reduction of the impurities tend to have high thermal stability [16].
Increase in the intensity of G’-Band at ~2700 cm-1 indicates the reduction of amorphous carbon [21].
The surface damage caused by harsh oxidation would also have resulted in some reduction in length.

Introduction The transport sector is being driven by developments, which not only require the fulfilment of severe environmental regulations, but also promote weight reduction, increased productivity and reduction of production costs.
The obtained data was evaluated with the integrated software ARAMIS.
Therefore, a reduction of microhardness was observed (from 115 HV down to 68 HV), Fig. 4(a).

In this kind of the stochastic supply chain, it’s difficult to achieve optimal safety stock before observing the realized data because the decision-maker doesn’t know who is (are) supplier(s) at next purchase period.
Agent technologies have been used in inventory management in previous research, such as reduction of the bullwhip effect [1].
Boccadoro studied the reduction of the bullwhip effect on supply chain systems by multi-agent technologies [2].
Fuzzy agent-based model for reduction of bullwhip effect in supply chain systems.

The morphology of outer surface of the steel pipe was intact, without obvious deformation and corrosion reduction.
The results of macroscopic analysis showed that the outer surface of the pipe was intact, without obvious deformation and corrosion reduction.
The wall thickness corrosion reduction area mainly occurred at the inner wall of the pipe in the lower part, where the corrosion is most concentrated at the position of 6 o 'clock.
Steel pipe factory data and macroscopic observation indicate that the black marking area was oil pitch paint, which has anticorrosion effect.

The analysis of the presented data has shown that at the increase of weight of 1 m2 of paper the total pore volume and their average radius decrease, which is reflected in the value of the true density.
Name of indicator Newsprint paper, % Whatman, % Corrugated cardboard, % 1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3 5 Needle penetration depth, 0.1 mm, no less than at 25 °C at 0 °C 38 24 30 6 1 - 53 26 38 25 13 2 44 24 36 20 3 - Elongation, cm, no less than at 25 °C at 0 °C 17 0,9 7 0,1 - - 19 1,2 11 0,8 - - 17 1,2 10 0,4 - - Softening point by ball-and-ring test, оС, no less than 49 54 62 51 57 63 51 59 80 Elasticity, % 45 33 - 48 35 - 54 38 - Studying the extensibility of the "bitumen + cellulosic fiber" system has established that introducing any type of fibers results in a significant reduction of ductility.
This contributes to significant reduction in elasticity and cohesion of the two-component system under study.
The further increase of the fiber content leads to a sharp increase of the viscosity of the system, the cause of which is the reduction of the distance between the cellulosic filler.