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The material deformation is affected by die geometry, material behavior, friction and back pressure.
Introduction Ultra-fine grained materials have been widely investigated due to its unique mechanical (such as high specific strength and ductility) and physical properties.
Corner gap is a main factor causing strain inhomogeneity along the cross-section of the billet [13].
Since strain affects the microstructure in the material, homogeneity of strain across the cross-section of an extruded billet is very important.

In general, however, magnesium alloys formed a strong basal texture which is affected on mechanical property during room temperature deformation.
Many researchers have found that deformation condition was an important factor in order to texture control on AZ system magnesium alloy [1-3].
Stanford, The effect of calcium on the texture, microstructure and mechanical properties of extruded Mg-Mn-Ca alloys, Materials Science and Engineering A 528 (2010) 314-322
Pekguleryuz, Effect of strontium on the texture and mechanical properties of extruded Mg-1%Mn alloys, Materials Science and Engineering A 549 (2012) 168-175

It is known that not only mechanical properties and sheet texture, but also the microstructure of the sheet affects D&I process.
In practice the scalping depth is defined based on these factors.
To study how the Fe-containing constituents break up during rolling and how they affect ironing of cans at body makers, two ingots were scalped by 7 and 20 mm to provoke two different conditions – with and without coarse constituents retained on the rolling surface.
Kandalova, Influence of the ingot microstructure on formability of 3104 alloy, Metallurgy of Mechanical Engineering. 4 (2012) 45-47.

Introduction The NDT evaluation represents the examination of a system or a part of the system using different methods that do not affect the system functionality [1].
From the NDT perspective, infrared thermography is based on the principle that heat transfer in any material is affected by the change in material thermal properties, especially those caused by a subsurface defect.
For this method the instrumentation has three basic components: a mechanical impact which can create short-duration impacts with variable duration, a high-fidelity receiver to measure the surface response and a data acquisition-signal analysis system that can capture, store and process the waveforms of surface motion [5].
The mechanical impact creates short duration-impacts applied on the object and that travels through it.
The grades, from one to five, have been accorded to each criterion taking in the account the results from the experimental part for each non-destructive technique also the economical and technical factors.

Sharma3,c 1School of mechanical engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India 2Mechanical Engineering Department, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh, India 3IP Engineering Department, Dr.
In one of the latest studies on MQL, Junyan, Huanpeng, Rongdi, and Yang (2010) used water vapour as a cooland and lubricant and studied its properties in chemical aspect in order to explain the results[10].
It was concluded that not only did MQL prove to be environment friendly, but also let to improvements in the mechanical characterestics[11].
Another eight experiments were performed by regularly increasing the coolant flow rate, keeping all the other factors constant.
· Coolant flow optimization in MQL suggests that 45 droplets/min gives the most optimum results especially in case of tool wear, with a reduction in wear upto 55% (approx.) while the surface roughness is not much affected by the change in flow rate

It has been reported that the tension-compression asymmetry highly affects the results of deep drawing operations in terms of thickness reduction, earing profile and drawing force [2].
During high-speed forming operations, strain rate highly affects the forming properties of sheet metals [6], both in terms of material hardening and the related onset of strain localization [7].
The two procedures, cooled-down and slowed-down, are employed to verify if strain rate and thermal softening factors assessed for the RD are also valid for the tensile data obtained at different orientations, namely if there is any dependency between strain rate, temperature and material anisotropy.
Crystal Plasticity Based Modelling of the Strain Rate Dependent Mechanical Behaviour of Ti6Al4V.
Overview of Identification Methods of Mechanical Parameters Based on Full-field Measurements.

The deformation of tire tread under load affects the drainage space.
Alternatively, variables and properties of a given cell are purely representative of one phase or a mixture phase, depending on the volume fraction values.
Fig.7 Comparison of water velocity in different grooves Analysis of Influencing Factors on Tire Hydroplaning 3.1 Water film thickness Fig.8 shows hydrodynamic lift acts on tire that water film thickness was 3mm, 5mm, 7mm and 10mm at the speed of 95km/h.
The water velocity in main tread groove is greater than the second longitudinal groove water velocity. 3) Water film thickness and velocity are two important use factors.
Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2013, 26(3): 506-511

The fracture surfaces, some cracks, and the structure that was not affected by the failure, were investigated by optical microscopy.
During the operation the die is subjected to cyclic temperature changes and to increased stress and deformations and must present excellent mechanical properties [3, 4].
Sample: The front (a) and the back (b) size of the fractured die rib The fracture surfaces, some cracks, and the structure that was not affected by the failure, were investigated by optical microscopy (Fig. 7).
Carbides are not affected by grinding, due to significant hardness and create small protrusions.
Other factors that could have contributed to die failure, such as the characteristics of fractures due to fatigue, erosive cracking under pressure or in the absence of pressure, fragility of liquid metal or hydrogen and creeping were not found.

With the interconnection density and doubling the number of layers in VLSI, Interconnect line width,pitch,and the thickness of the dielectric layer will changed within the same chip caused by the process variation. and the interconnect parasitics changes ultimately affect circuit performance and yield.IC designers need an accurate BEoL corner model to help circuit design.
It is designed to provide a standard method of BEOL performance; it provides a parametric representation to almost all factors in BEOL process, simplifying the overly complex factors.
In addition to two parameters related with permittivity, the other five parameters have more than ten percent greater variations during manufacture, which will be a very huge challenge to the Corner analysis and modeling,and this also affect chip yield ultimately.
This test structure is used to observe the characteristics of dielectric layer that between metal layers, and most affected the characteristics of dielectric layer is its thickness and permittivity.
Comb Meander test structure is a special test structure, it can be used to measure two electrical properties, capacitance, and resistance.

Introduction An experimental fact is that a narrow material layer is formed in the vicinity of frictional interfaces in metal forming processes whose properties are quite different from the properties in the bulk [1, 2].
Farris, A new approach for studying mechanical properties of thin surface layers affected by manufacturing processes, Trans.
Sun, Optimum design, microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti/Ti3Al multi-layered materials, Mater.
Ding, Effects of extrusion ratio on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31 Mg alloy, J.
Oki, Effects of extrusion conditions on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31B magnesium alloy extrusions, J.