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This typical morphology is further known in polycrystalline nanofibers (PNFs) that are particularly interesting due to their multiple crystalline grains, giving them distinct mechanical, electrical, and optical properties [21–23] for are beneficial in ceramics or metal oxide-based materials.
The β-phase of PVDF is the preferred phase that combines strong ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties [27].
The solution must consider several factors, such as polymer concentration, viscosity, solvent type, and structure [37].
Jayasimhadri, Dielectric and tunable ferroelectric properties in BiFeO3–BiCoO3–BaTiO3 ternary compound, Appl.
Zhang, Influence of crystalline properties on the dielectric and energy storage properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride), J of Applied Polymer Sci 122 (2011) 1659–1668. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.34020

Introduction Aluminium and its alloys are among the most important materials in engineering applications due to the combination of lightweight (ρ=2698 kg/m3), mechanical and thermal properties, easy workability and environmental resistance.
Pech-Canul considers that aluminium carbide is a brittle compound with a negative influence on the mechanical properties.
Surappa, Processing and properties of Al-Li-SiCp composites, Sc.
Nguyen, A review of factors that affect contact angle and implications for flotation practice, Adv. in Coll.
Cheng, Effect of limited matrix-reinforcement interfacial reaction on enhancing the mechanical properties of aluminum-silicon carbide composites, Acta Mat. 49 (16) (2001) 3243-3253

When the content of Fe is a large amount in cast iron alloys, the substrate is lacerated by Fe-phase at bulky needle phase, while some strip of brittle intermetallic compounds(such as FeSiAl5) are formed in the alloys, its mechanical properties are reduced[20].
The formation of α-Fe phase can be promoted and β-Fe phase can be restrained by these alloying elements, so the alloy properties are improved.
The alloy ductility and tensile properties can be improved adding Mo (0.2%) and S (0.1%) to 1.2% Fe alloys [42].
It can form globular or dendritic Fe which is no harmful effects for tensile properties.
Bulky Chinese script rich-Fe phase changed into a small globular cluster which is uniform distribution and significantly improves the mechanical properties of pure aluminum.

A material with good piezoelectricity properties produces a voltage whenever an external load is exerted on it [1].
This treatment technique showed good results in enhancing the piezoelectric properties of the cement paste.
However, this technique still needs more investigation to study the effect of different factors, as well as the sensitivity of the treated cement paste to the external applied loads.
Hence, it is apparent that the piezoelectrical properties of cement hydrates are greatly affected by the moisture content of the cured specimen, which indicates the need for investigating the effect of the age of the specimens on their piezoelectrical properties.
Wang, A state-of-the-art on self-sensing concrete : Materials , fabrication and properties, Compos.

Research method is establishing model of hot dry rock fractured storage layer by means of numerical simulation software FLUENT according to the rock physical properties in Shenyang region.
The burning products critically affect air quality and undermine the sustainable development.
It is critical step in the development of hot dry rock heating system.It directly affects the prime cost of hot dry rock research.It is also the basis of studying the fracture storage layer rock temperature distribution.
Therefore, forced convection is the only factor to consider in the heat transfer equation [5].According to the norm of conservation of energy, quantity of heat of per unit area along the axis direction is (2.1) The effect of fluid movement, control body of per unit area along the axis direction is (2.2) The heat conduction from the rock to fracture water is (2.3) Therefore, according to the norm of conservation of energy infer the heat transfer equation (2.4) Putting(2.1 ~ 2.3) into (2.4) can infer (2.5) The seepage of water obeys Darcy's law, can infer (2.6) Therefore, putting the formula (2.6) into (2.5) can get complete fracture water temperature field equations
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Petroleum Division(Publication)PD, Emerging Energy Technology,1994,57：169-174

The test results show that the addition of steel fiber to concrete will affect the fluidity of concrete.
In this test, the fluidity of concrete will be taken as the first factor.
Excessive natural accumulation density of crushed stones and different shapes will affect the passing rate between reinforcement gaps during concrete pouring [2].
The properties of each material are shown in Table 2 to Table 7.
References [1] Tomoki Momotani, Kiyotaka Kawashima, and Sadao Matsuda: A Study on the Mechanical Properties and Durability of High-Fluid Concrete (Part 6.

Introduction Inconel718 is widely adopted in gas turbines and aircraft engines owing to its high strength properties at high temperature, which is attributable to the hard niobium and titanium carbide phases[1].
Experiments show these brittle particles tend to crack due to the severe deformation during finish machining[2], which affects the surface integrity and accelerates tool wear.
Material properties are usually defined as homogeneous in Inconel718 cutting process FE model.
A plain-strain couple thermo-mechanical analysis is performed to consider the thermal effect in orthogonal cutting Inconel718.
[11] J.Michael Pereira, Bradley, A.Lerch, in: Effects of heat treatment on the ballistic impact properties of Inconel718 for jet engine fan containment applications.

Introduction The graining is a new treatment style on the surface of aluminum and aluminum alloy, which makes the metals like wood, so the products have both metal properties and wooden appearance.
This paper screened main parameters that affected grain appearance referring to the literature [2], quantitatively described macro-feature, observed morphologies of graining zone and grainless zone by SEM, and preliminarily explained the grain forming with cyclic voltammetry experiment.
The orthogonal experiment that has five factors and four levels was done, the five factors are etching agent, thickener, stabilizer, current density and treating time.
Generally, a quite compact poor-conductive thin barrier layer has the property.
Based on the above explanation of cyclic voltammetry curves, it is suggested that the hydrogen evolution took place on some noncompact points of sample surface in the cathodic process of electrochemical graining, then the upper oxide film was destroyed by the mechanical power formed by hydrogen rising, the exposed regions appeared, which were the initial graining zones, the oxygen evolution happened in the following anodic process in these zones, at the same time, there were intergranular corrosion, general corrosion and oxide film regenerating, the regenerating was a weak layer with many pores , in which hydrogen and oxygen evolution continued.

The typical impact of different microalloying elements on strength and toughness properties is given in figure 2.
When compared to Ti-microalloyed steel, Nb-microalloying offers a considerable reduced scattering of the mechanical properties of the hot strip [9].
The best mechanical properties are attained when the soaking furnace is operated at temperatures at or above 1100 °C, with the residence time in the furnace being about 20 minutes.
Table 4 summarises the mechanical properties of the 6 and 10 mm thick X52 hot strip.
Mechanical properties of X52 hot strip Gauge [mm] YS [MPa] UTS [MPa] El (A5) [%] YS ratio [%] Trial 488 544 26.0 0.9 6 510 552 25.8 0.92 Trial 10 446 501 25.2 0.89 API X52 / X60 / X65 ≥ 359 / 414 / 448 ≥ 455 / 517 / 531 ≥ 20 / 18 / 18 - The excellent toughness properties are further underlined by the notch-bar impact results.

While compaction of the powder defines the shape, sintering defines the microstructure, frequently the porosity and in general the mechanical and functional properties of the product.
Berner et al. [29] have shown very early that also the C content affects the copper swelling, lowering the expansion by adversely affecting the wetting of solid Fe© by the Cu melt.
If this is however granted, transient liquid phase can be highly effective towards the mechanical properties.
However, microstructures with defined inhomogeneity may be better for the mechanical properties, as is well known e.g. from Ni-Cu-Mo alloyed variants [26].
Danninger, Sintering of Mo alloyed P/M steels prepared from elemental powders, I: Sintering temperature and mechanical properties, Powder Metall.