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This was because the alloy of 7.5%Cr had the largest number of dendrites and the least eutectic structure, and the resistance to the cutting motion of the abrasive grains into the substrate was relatively weak, so the wear resistance was the lowest.
As the Cr/C ratio was increased, the hardenability of the alloy could be improved, the hardness of the matrix could be improved, and the number of eutectic hard phases that play the wear skeleton could be increased [6], therefore, the wear resistance was greatly improved.
The alloy of 7.5%Cr had a small number of eutectic structures with a wear-resistant skeleton, and the most amount of softer matrix, which made it easy for abrasive particles to cut in [7].

Recently, our experiments found that yttria-stabilized zirconia coatings deposited by plasma spraying on a preheated substrate surface up to about 800oC led to continuous growth of columnar grains across splat interfaces [6].
With increasing the mean substrate temperature to 180oC (C2), a significant decrease in the number of the horizontal cracks was presented (Fig. 2b).
Consequently, the number of the horizontal cracks decreased with the increase of the substrate temperature from 50oC to 240oC.
Therefore, the decrease in the number of the annular cracks represents the improvement in the quality of the interlamellar bonding.

Opening the system implementation of the file under the windows operating system and choosing iron spectrum firstly, we use iron spectrum option button, and then deal with abrasive grinding grain readings and readings.
While the corresponding data is input, and select the corresponding button , and number of car I or car II is automatically input the space.
Especially in the experiment they accessed to a large number of relevant data and did a large number of experiments , obtained the scientific judgment conclusion finally.

According to these characteristics, collecting the number n of each pixel that gray value is 1 in the neighborhood.
When the number n is less than the setting value N, the pixel point is regarded as noise and is removed.
The mathematical formula of statistical a pixel (x, y) with its gray value of the number 1 in the 8 connected domain is: (1) where g(x, y) is the gray value of (x, y).
Precisely Located Difference Image of the Stored-grain Insects Image Based on Directional Projection.

The potential of these technologies is considerable: - rapid prototyping; - the ability to produce components with complex geometries and lightweight; - potential reduction of energy demand for production; - reduction of the amount of waste materials and optimization of raw material utilization; - reduction of the number of components to be assembled.
In fact, depending on the type of technology used, there are a limited number of materials available for the additive processes, thus limiting the number of possible applications [2-4].
Figure 3 shows the microstructure in the parallel (a) and in the perpendicular (b) direction, respect to the sample growing direction, revealing the presence of oblongs and fine grains respectively in the first and in the second case.

The mean grain size was about 21µm.
Original aged (673K) 糫 Stress amplitude, ıb (MPa) Number of cycles to failure, Nf cycle Re-aged steel (R.T.)
Re-aged steel (673K) 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000100000 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 0.1 1 10 100 630 650 700 750 800 850 900 Hardness Hv Aging time, t (ks) 糫473K 糫673K 753K Hardness Hv Aging time, t (ks) Fig. 2 S - Nf curves Fig. 3 〉〉〉〉a /〉〉〉〉B - Nf curves Fig.4 Crack morphology 30╋m (b) R.T. 〉〉〉〉a=950MPa Nf=8.59©©©©104 (a) 673K 〉〉〉〉a=950MPa Nf=3.33©©©©104 (a) R.T. (〉〉〉〉a=950MPa, Nf=8.59©©©©10 4) (b) 673K (〉〉〉〉a=950MPa, Nf=3.33©©©©104) Fig.5 Fracture surfaces Fig.6 Aging curves Fig.7 S - Nf curves of re-aged steel 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 糫 Stress amplitude, ıb (MPa) Number of cycles to failure, Nf (cycle) 糫R.T.糫糫 糫473K 糫673K 10 4 10 5 10 6 10 7 10 8 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 糫 糫 ıb!
0ıC Number of cycles to failure, Nf (cycle) 糫R.T.

In Fig. 1 the ferritic-pearlitic microstructure of SAE 1050 (a) with an average ferrite fraction of 11.2 area-%, the microstructure of SAE 4140 (b) with fine dispersed Fe3C carbides as well as the fine-grained microstructure of MRI 230D (c) with a magnesium solid solution (α phase) and different precipitations are shown as SEM micrographs.
In Fig. 2a besides the stress amplitude σa, starting at σa,start = 100 MPa with a stepwise increase of ∆σa = 20 MPa each ∆N = 9·103 cycles, the plastic strain amplitude εa,p, the change of the temperature ∆T and the change of the electrical resistance ∆R are plotted versus the number of cycles.
With Eq. 1 it is possible to describe the relation between σa and M(N) = εa,p, ∆T or ∆R values for different load levels of a LIT as well as at a defined number of cycles, e.g. 10 4, in SSTs.
With the exponent d(∆R) = -0.08 (Eq. 3) and the number of cycles to failure Nf = 3.5⋅104 for σa = 420 MPa, the coefficient c(∆R) was determined according to Eq. 2.

By contrast, clear cracks and micropores can be seen on the surface of the SiO2/TiO2 bilayer film developed between the interconnected grain particles.
The number of coating times has a little effect on the transmission in the range of 300-700 nm.
Acknowledgements This work has been financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under the grant number of 51072019, National High-tech Research and Development Program under the grant number of 2012AA030302.

Certainly, future will build more adequate systems using metallic materials, but until they are properly prepared, we will continue to rely on metals and alloys for an increasing number of surgeries involving prosthesis implantation.
On the rod under fractographic stereo macroscopic review a number of issues were highlighted, as can be seen in Figures 4 ÷ 6.
The material of the investigation conducted hip stem is relatively inhomogeneous, consisting of biphasic structure: a solid solution (unattacked islands arranged evenly in the matrix or has intergranular dispersion at the grain boundaries); and β solid solution, presented throughout the metal matrix, as metalographic form of contested islands.
On macroscopic stereo rod under review were highlighted a number of issues fractographic.

In recent years, the studies on removing the inclusions in molten metals, grain refining, preparing new materials under ultrasonic irradiation have been carried out[2-4].It is important to measure the cavitation fields to the scientific research and judging of the performance of ultrasonic vibration systems and ultrasonic process effect.
It can also be seen from Fig.3 that with ultrasonic power increaseing, sound intensity increases, the cavitation becomes more intensive, the number of blue spots also increased at the antinode, In addition, the difference between shades of color dye pattern decreases, indicating that the surface disturbance caused by cavitation strong, and standing wave was damaged to some extent.
As the power increased, the liquid sound pressure increased, while gathered impetus of bubbles is more large, and the number of cavitation bubbles also increased, which indicates that with increaseing of ultrasonic power, ultrasonic cavitation effect is more apparent.
(4) As the power increases, the number of bubbles generated increased, cone area expand, the velocity of the cavitation bubble accelerated, ladle stirring effect was improved.