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In the case of commercial thermoelectric modules used for power generation, the number of thermoelectric module joints amounts from several tens to several hundreds, all connected in series.
Ltd., Korea) was pulverized and powdered with a grain size smaller than 75 µm.
Figure 2 (a), (b). shows the SEM-EDS observation reveals that the filler metal powder has a wide range of grain sizes from approximately 10 to 120 µm with 65.3 Ag-15.3 Cu-12.4 Zn-7.0 Sn (wt.%) composition.

The parameter list of the experiments Number Pulse voltage[V] Duty ratio pulse period [μs] Swing speed[rpm] Time [min] 1-01 90 20% 80 3 20 1-02 90 35% 80 3 20 1-03 90 50% 80 3 20 1-04 90 65% 80 3 20 1-05 90 80% 80 3 20 2-01 90 50% 40 3 20 2-02 90 50% 60 3 20 2-03 90 50% 80 3 20 2-04 90 50% 120 3 10 3-01 60 50% 80 3 20 3-02 90 50% 80 3 20 3-03 120 50% 80 3 20 Results and discussions The influence of duty ratio on the EDD efficiency was analyzed from experiments 1-01 to 1-05.
It can be seen that the surface of the wheel was flat and most of the diamond grain were buried inside the metal bond.
The diamond grain protruded out of the metal bond and the surface of the wheel was full of discharge crater.

For TBCs with baseline CMSX-4, YSZ spallation occurred with a number of localized buckling as shown in Fig. 1(a).
Later, Hf/Y may segregate at the grain boundaries of the TGO scale, blocking the fastest diffusion path, and reducing the oxidation rate of the bond coat.
In addition, Hf/Y modification may change the phase constituents, microstructure (e.g., grain size and porosity) within the TGO scale, which can lead to longer thermal cyclic lifetime of TBCs.

With irradiation at fluence 5 × 1011 ions/cm2, change in grain size was negligible, but a marginally reduced lattice constant and very low strain is observed, which indicates that the films grown on LAO possess better crystallinity than on quartz substrates.
The decrease in the magnetization suggests that these films are prone to irradiation induced amorphisation, which may be due to the larger size of the grains it contains, as evident in atomic microscopy images, leading to lower texturing.
With the help of XMCD spectra, it is possible to measure the difference in the number of d holes, using right or left circularly polarized photons, which transfer their angular momentum to the excited photoelectron.

The costeffective manufacture of near-net shape titanium articles from sintered powders reduces the number of machining processes.
At 1073 and 1173 K, TiB formed needle-shaped whiskers between particles, and ex-β-grains showed grain coarsening at 1273 K.

The grain size of HAZ was smaller than base metal, because of the welding heat input effect.
Ferrite and pearlite appeared in HAZ and base metal, but the HAZ grain size was smaller.
In the carbon steel SS400, weld metal had higher hardness number ​​than the base metal and HAZ due to bainite microstructure. 3.

Since the grain boundaries usually contain porosity and a glassy phase, a sintered alumina body is not as hard, tough, inert and/or chemically resistant when compared with single crystal alumina [1-3].
The literature refers a number of works aiming at decreasing the sintering temperature of alumina bodies without sacrificing throughput or quality of the products [1, 4-6].
Small amounts of additives are commonly used to influence densification processes either by reducing sintering temperature, and/or suppressing grain growth in order to enhance the mechanical and physical properties.

Under the action of the applied load the high manganese austenitic TWIP steel will produce a large number of mechanical twins, and these twins boundaries are acting as strong barriers to subsequent dislocation motion, which significantly improve the hardening rate of materials, delay the necking, and result in the high ductility of high manganese austenitic TWIP steel[3].
It can be seen that the microstructure is austenite, the grains are fine and annealing twins existed, the average grain size is about 60μm.

While welding the alloy of Al-Mg-Li system (alloy 1424), after quenching and quenching with ageing we can see the decrease in the number of dark and light gray aggregates, however, it is still enough to define the fir-tree structure grains clearly.
Effect of two-step aging on recrystallised grain size of Al–Mg–Li alloy, Materials Science and Technology. 27 (2011) 125-131

Table 1: Estimative measurements by UV-Vis of HI adsorbed on β-TCP sintered powder Initial insulin concentration (mg.mL-1) Insulin mg/g on β-TCP 0.5 Bellow detection 1.0 Bellow detection 1.5 14.0 ± 2.0 2.0 9.7 ± 2.0 The SEM micrograph (Fig. 3a) showed a dense structure and AFM 3D image of sintered grains (Fig. 3b) presented a homogenous discs surface.
a b Figure 3: SEM micrograph (a) and AFM 3D image of sintered grains (b) of β-TCP disc surface The surface wettability is important parameters which affect the biological response to an implanted material [2].
Additionally, total cell number was quite higher on β-TCP-PB as compared to β-TCP-HI.