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Moreover, phase transition is also governed by grain boundary concentration, which can be expected to be increased with greater surface area materials.
When the specific surface area increasing, the grain boundary concentration would increases, and these considered to be the anatase nucleation sites for TiO2 powders [12].
A large number of nanotube structures with uniform diameters around 10 nm can be observed.

When the temperature reaches to 400 °C, a large number of highly dispersed hard phase Ni3P appeared and had the maximum hardness of 1200 HV.
Increasing the annealing temperature to 600 °C, a noticeable grain growth is observed and the microhardness of the coating decreases to 810 HV, which could be the coarsening of grain size leads to surface brittleness and enhances the probability of dislocation propagation.

Sometimes in order to increase the equiaxed grain zone, reducing the development of columnar grains, specific water, less than 0.7L/kg, is employed.
That is because Eq. (2) does not consider the influence of length of zone and nozzle row number.

The smaller sizes of crystalline grains of ZnO will promising in improving the stability and the nano-sized lateral the good sensing properties [8].
The decreasing resistivity was due to more thermal energy for electrons to absorb, and thus will increase the number of conduction electrons [17].
"Study of Structural and Electrical Properties of Grain-boundary Modified ZnO Films Prepared by Sol–gel Technique."

Dissimilar aluminium alloy materials were successfully friction stir welded with very good joint efficiencies by number of researchers.
Their results indicated that the recrystallized grains in the weld nugget zone (WNZ) of the joints exhibited the largest size in the middle part and the smallest size in the lower part.
Sato et al. [6] reported the formation of basin-shaped nugget on friction stir welding of AA6063-T5 plate and Mahoney et al. [7] reported elliptical nugget zone in the weld of AA7075-T651 and the metallographic studies showed that the grain size in the stir zone is much finer than that in the base metals [8].

This parameter depends mainly on the shape and grain size of the grout and its viscosity.
Due to the fact that some components of the mixture of ingredients were very fine-grained and visually had a certain tendency to pack, a third set of recipes was also created, in which the ingredients were dosed into the homogenizer individually.
If the ingredients were homogenized in advance, a certain number of bales probably formed, which did not mix sufficiently with the rest of the raw materials when mixed in the homogenizer.

The pearlite is surrounded by ferrite, predominantly at the prior austenite grain boundaries.
Graphitic nodules number decreased in this area as well.
Results of hardness profile measurement using Vickers method with indentation force 0.98 N (HV0.1) are compared in Fig. 5 EN GJL-200 EN GJS-700 CuNi Fig. 5 Hardness profiles of evaluated cast irons after laser surface hardening The hardness measurement was realized in a defined matrix, which does not eliminate the positioning of indenter in soft structural areas (like graphite particles or ferrite grains).

With the increasing distance from the item boundary deeply to the honeycomb joint, the temperature gradient lowers, therefore the number of grains per unit area lowers also.
In the article [7] it was observed that columnar grains strongly elongated parallel to build direction with decreasing wall thickness.

AFM results show the grain size and roughness increase from PZT to PSZT, PSZT-PZT and PZT-PSZT.
The grain size distribution and the average roughness have strong correlation to the observed ferroelectric properties as well as to the derived mathematical relation between Pr vs Vc, but further work must be done to construct a theoretical framework explaining the behaviour in terms of exact structure and surface interaction between layers. 4.
Future research can be done to focus on increasing the number of layers of PZT or PSZT from the current 4 to 6, which is often the maximum thickness of these thin films before cracking occurs.

Characterized by certain physical features, like the grain size distribution, their geometry (grain shape), the angular fractures, hardness properties, etc.) and chemical properties as well, Garnet sands can generate steady abrasive flows, essential for AWJ techniques, with no blockages in the focusing tubes, determine a more edge cutting accuracy and also speed of the process.
CFD simulation of eductor nozzle fluid flow - detail Conclusions CFD simulations were performed in a preliminary case study for eductor system placement to determine the optimal configuration of a pressurized water path equipped with eductor nozzles for evacuating the abrasive material from the collecting tank of the abrasive waterjet cutting equipment, with the following aspects observed: - high pressure water jets can be used to dislocate and stir in a homogenous solution the garnet mixtures; - the main parameters e.g. the water pressure level, number of eductors, orifice sizes, garnet collector volume and angle position of eductors all have significant impact on the level of homogenous stirring; - collector tank studied was 2500 mm in length, 1200 in width and 500 mm in height; - there were two proposed variants for positioning eductors: facing each other and offset by 45 degrees; - a CFD simulation was done for and individual eductor ant the results were used for the larger system