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Its remarkable electro-mechanical properties are responsible for the excellent performances of the human hearing, in terms of sensitivity (< 0 dB SPL), frequency resolution (~ 0.01), and dynamical range (> 100 dB).
The cochlea performs frequency discrimination and nonlinear active amplification, thanks to the tonotopic properties of the basilar membrane (BM) and to the electromechanical properties of the outer hair cells (OHC).
All these properties are accounted for and quantitatively described by linear and nonlinear cochlear mechanical models [1, 2], which also explain the generation and transmission of otoacoustic emissions (OAEs).
The first one affects also the perception levels measured in pure tone audiometry, the second affects only the OAE measurements, which require that the backward TWs pass through the middle ear to get OAEs measurable in the ear canal.
In this domain, the temporal properties of the OAE response can be most effectively measured, and filtering can be performed in a way that automatically respects the scale-invariant properties of the cochlea.

Research on sand collecting mechanism’s flanks of A New Railway Sand Removal Vehicle Based on CAE method Zhaoxia Cui1, a, Sijia Guo1, Jianguo Qin1, Tao Yang1, Shouquan Hou1 1College of Mechanical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China acuizhaoxia@sina.com Keywords: Railway sand removal vehicle, Flanks, CAE (Computer Aided Engineering).
(a) (b) (c) (d) Fig. 3 Structure of flanks (a) small flank (b) middle flank (c) rear flank (d) flank assemble Calculation of Resistance Force of Collected Sand The resistance force of collected sand in front of shovel relates not only to sort and condition of collected sand, but also relates to volume of collected sand and other factors.
First, The 3D model of flank assembly were built by using UG software and create a Parasolid format file [6], then the file was imported into Adams / View environment, before performing a movement analysis, several parameters should be specified, such as properties of material.
Li: Mechanical Design Handbook.
Chen: Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems and ADAMS Application.

Introduction Phthalate esters (PAEs) represent a large family of chemicals most widely used as plasticizers, primarily in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins, adhesives, and cellulose film coating to improve mechanical properties of the plastic resin, particularly flexibility [1].
The phenomenon can be explained that at low ozone concentration, ozone concentration is a control factors of oxidation reaction rate, and with the increase of the dosage, its influence was abate.
The pH value of the solution was another important parameter affecting the degradation of DEHP.
It was found that a few of factors, such as the concentration of oxidant, pH value of the solution and the initial concentration of DEHP had a significant effect on the degradation.

Community is a basic social unit involving residential building construction, inhabitant transportation, energy utilization and individual behavior which may significantly affect the human generated carbon emissions.
According to Report on the Environmental Benefits and Costs of Green Roof Technology for the City of Toronto [[]Information on http://www.toronto.ca/greenroofs/findings.htm ], green roof system has the following advantages: reduction in stormwater runoff that affects quality of local water resources; reduction in energy consumption; reduction in the urban heat island effect and associated cooling costs; beautification of the city; creation of more natural green spaces and opportunities for local food production.
Solar energy is attracting more attention in green building energy system due to its abundant and clean properties.
A variety of factors have to be taken into account to achieve multifunctional roles of BIPV system, such as photovoltaic module temperature, shading, installation angle and orientation.
Vol. 17 (2013), p. 54 ] also presented seven community wind cases in Oregon and identified common factors that should be considered by community for wind energy projects, including geographic features, land ownership, attitudes of the local residents, wheeling utilities, power buyer, county incentives, state incentives, federal incentives, other incentives, financing sources, developers, conservation groups and manufacturers.

So in the anchoring system, the interfacial properties between induration and soil should be regarded as the research focus.
It can be expressed as following: (1) Where, f is friction factor, and Q is confining pressure.
Therefore, the friction factor will change with the axial force and displacement.
[4] Phillips S H E: Factors affecting the design of anchorages in rock[R], London: cementation Research Ltd., 1970
[10] CHENG Liang-Kui: Several mechanical problems in soil anchor [A].

.), as well as to the decohesion of the matrix and inclusions due to a difference in their elastic properties.
Discussion A number of factors have an effect on magnetization reversal.
As was previously shown, magnetization reversal is influenced by a number of factors, which often differ in their effect on the magnetic properties thus making it difficult to estimate the effect of each above-mentioned mechanism on magnetic behaviour.
Malek, A study of the influence of dislocation on some of the magnetic properties of permalloy alloys, Czechosl.
Tanner, The magnetic properties of pearlitic steels as a function of carbon content, J.

These composite coatings possess enhanced properties such as wear, corrosion and oxidation resistance, dispersion hardening or self-lubrication relative to pure metal, so that they can protect the metal substrates more effectively against severe environments during operation [1].
Its mechanical properties can be varied by altering the electrolyte composition and operating parameters [2].
The properties of deposits formed via electroplating are affected significantly by several factors such as the substrate, current density, bath constituents, and bath concentrations The bath constituents consisting of metal cations, anions, wetting agents, conducting salts, buffers, and additives play important roles in the electrodeposition process such as metal ion discharge, complex formation, transport through the solution, reactant activity, and electrocrystallization [15].
However out of all the Ni based composite coatings BN/TiN doped composites showed much harder surface had studied a detailed investigation on Ni-TiN composites and showed a hardness of 600-1180 HV. [11-13] 3.3 properties of different coating and particle size MATERIAL PHASES PARTICLE SIZE PROPERTIES [1].
The microstructural investigation of films showed nano-structured phases which improved the mechanical and electrochemical properties.

Introduction TC11 titanium alloy is one of α/β titanium alloys with excellent properties, especially high thermal resistance and remarkable corrosion resistance.
Mechanical properties and processing ability of the α/β titanium alloy greatly depend on its microstructure [3~4] .
Annealing treatment is a common way to change the microstructure and improve the properties of alloys [5~8] .
The theoretical (α+β)/β phase transformation temperature can be calculated by the following equation: Tα+β/β = 885℃ + Σ(content of element × influence factor) (1) where 885℃ is the (α+β)/β phase transformation temperature of pure Ti.
The morphology characteristic of α and β phases was not affected by the annealing treatment, while the thickness of the α phase increased with increasing annealing temperature.

Additional factors affecting the absorption of calcium by the metal may be the basicity of ladle slag and its oxidation.
Sr and REM) provides a significant reduction in the contamination of steel by NMI of all types as a result of the effect on the properties and behavior of NMI.
This contributes to more efficient removal of NMI and reduces the harmful effects of NMI on the properties of steel.
Influence of zirconium on mechanical properties and phase transformation in low carbon steel.

Therefore, the estimation of BOG has to consider the most critical factor that influences the production.
The lesser ambient temperature will favor less boil off, however in other side it will affect the condition of hull material where expose to very cold temperature.
It depends on several main factors such as the insulation type, thickness and also ratio of the area of support junction between inner shell and outer shell of the tank to its total area [3].
According to [14], typical values of BOR are ranging in between 0.1% to 0.15 % kg/kg per day depending on the insulation properties and sea condition.
The heat leakage through the insulation is one of the main factors for the increasing of BOR.