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All-optical network can provide huge bandwidth with lower cost because of no electronic regeneration,and it can transmit various data services regardless of signal format.
In the researches adopting OSNR model, reference [1-2] convert ASE and other impairments into the reduction of optical signal noise rate (OSNR), and select the lightpath with maximum OSNR for service.
In the researches on IRWA adopting Q-factor model,reference [4-5] consider impairment effect in RWA by converting the impairment effect into reduction of Q-factor.

Contacts are all things to all contacts. 5) A uniform mesh with 8-noded first-order reduction integration continuum elements (C3D8R) is used.
Around in the 2.2s with the feed rate reduction, it goes down into the plastic phase.
Experimental Verification Rolling test is in Yangzhou zhongpu Precision Cold Rolling Machine ZP120 conducted, the machine parameters and test data as shown in Table 1 and Table 2.

Therefore, some advantages can be obtained: 1) cost reduction in handling; 2) outstock and instock operations, handling distance and operation time shortening; 3) making full use of warehouse space.
Effects of storage area reduction on order picking and storage space cost are incorporated [9].
Q denotes correlation coefficient which is derived from order statistical data of major clients.

Introduction Humans, with their activity and striving for improvement in the quality of life, generate the factors which are harmful for natural environment, such as: - air pollution, - destruction of ozone layer, - degradation of land, coastal areas and seas, - destruction of ecosystems, - destruction of natural surroundings, depletion of natural resources, - reduction in access to fresh water, - desertification of land.
The tendencies forecast by Toffler work very well as they influence on reduction of the costs of energy supply and honest division of the benefits.
According to the data of Eurostat, the construction sector is the biggest industrial employer in the EU that is responsible for 20% of GDP and 40% of the final energy consumed.

Bridge damage diagnosis method based on curvature mode is done as followings: first damaged bridge structure vibration modes are field measured, and the curvature modes are calculated by difference method according to the measured data, and then bridge damages are identified by the modal curvature mutation.
Reinforced concrete structure is with the materials concrete and steel, whose material are complex, so the research simulates the realistic damage state based on the method of reducing section stiffness, that is, the structure damage simulation is achieved by the elastic modulus E reduction of the reinforced concrete damaged unit.
In structural damage identification, the damage lead to the changes of the units stiffness matrix only, and the damage degree is achieved by the units stiffness reduction, while the mass matrix is often thought unchangeable.

The development of modern zero-energy buildings became possible not only through the progress made in new energy and construction technologies and techniques, but it has also been significantly improved by academic research, which collects precise energy performance data on traditional and experimental buildings and provides performance parameters for advanced computer models to predict the efficacy of engineering designs.
Design and Construction The most cost-effective steps toward a reduction in a building’s energy consumption usually occur during the design process.
Since the 1980s passive solar building design and passive house have demonstrated heating energy consumption reductions of 70% to 90% in many locations, without active energy harvesting.

This article selects the energy consumption data of mining in "Statistical Yearbook of Heilongjiang Province" from 2005 to 2012.
All these measures can contribute to the significant reduction of carbon emission of the mining industry.
This is of vital significance to Heilongjiang’s realization of its carbon emission reduction goal.

Reduction of operating temperature can be achieved either through thinning the electrolyte layer, or through using highly conductive electrolytes at low temperatures, such as doped ceria [2, 3].
Accordingly, the SSC cathode layer presents multidimensional pores, which will provide more gas diffusion path for the oxygen reduction process.
However, the polarization is approximately one order of magnitude larger than the data reported by Changrong Xia et al. [7].

Best regression equation with higher correlation coefficient (R2) and lower % error can be fitted from the collected experimental data which is used to describe the close relation between inputs and output responses.
The reason for this behavior is due to the increase in cutting temperature in the shear zone that consequently resulted in the reduction of yield strength of the workpiece material.
With reduction in the yield strength of the material, less force is sufficient for removing the materials.

Fig. 2. displays XRD data of a typical N-doped TiO2 P25 sample.
Regarding that pore volumes are proportional to SBET, the above explanation for change in surface area may be also applicable to the case of reduction of pore volumes after doping.  Table 2.
In this case, only 17.6% phenol was decomposed in comparison with 29% reduction in the former.