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The microstructure results confirmed that Y3+ improves densification and causes reduction of grain growth.
When the temperature rises, the number of thermal electrons and their Schöttky defects will increase indicating by an increase in the conductivity values.
The defectives in perovskite structures include ‘lattice dipole’, ‘defect dipole’, and ‘grain dipole’, which influence co-existence of ‘tail curve’.

Such influences promote the formation of a fine-grained structure and increase the mechanical and operational properties of castings without the addition of special modifying additives.
The change in external conditions, for example, temperature, leads to a change in the structure of the short-range order (interatomic distances, coordination numbers, the geometry of the disposed atoms, and the sizes of the ordered cluster complexes).
The resulting excess of nuclei of crystallization determines the formation of an extremely non-dendritic structure with a grain size approximately equal to the size of the dendritic parameter.

The method of radiofrequency (RF) magnetron sputtering has a number of advantages [7] and allows forming coatings with a controlled composition and high mechanical properties.
A sequential mechanical grinding of sample surfaces on an abrasive paper from coarse-grained up to fine-grained was carried out before deposition of the coating.

When NaOH concentration was over 0.6 mol/L, all the diffraction peaks and the Card Number PDF24-1224 were in accordance with the hexagonal phase Y(OH)3.
In the growing course of Y(OH)3, first, the Y(NO3)3 molecules were dissolved and hydrated, and the hexagonal phase Y(OH)3 crystal grains were obtained.
And as the alkali concentration was increased, the radial size of crystal grains turned larger and larger.

A number of fabric layers circular in shape, were stacked together.
Etching with 40% HF solution for 22 h delineated grain boundaries.
The deep cavities indicate the spalling of smaller grains.

However, only a limited number of investigations concern the direct heating of steels for the phase transformation, therefore, receive a superficial layer of the appropriate thickness, free of cracks and with high hardness.
The high energy density plasma arc could create a high cooling speed of the hardened layer at the surface just like laser, thus leading to the formation of superfine grains [12].
Martensite formed in the surface hardened layer has the properties of high hardness, fine grain size inherited from the substrate and severe dislocation.

A high number of precipitates can be clearly seen on grain boundaries in the extruded state (Fig 1a).
In Fig. 1b it is observed that the heat treatment produces a fine precipitation inside the grains.

Heat Capacity and Efficiency Experiment of Grinding Fluid During grinding processing of structural ceramics, due to the poor heat conductivity of ceramics material and perfect heat conductivity of diamond grinding material, most of grinding heat transfers through diamond grinding grains to cause the temperature of the grinding grain point to rise in large scale, which could lead the graphitization of diamond grinding material and speed up the wearing of grinding wheel due to the forms such as abnormal dropping caused by softening of resin bond, therefore, cooling capacity is one of important parameters for specialized grinding fluid of ceramics, which can directly influence the heat transfer rate conducting to the work piece and grinding wheel.
From the diagram, we can see that a new infrared absorption peak appears at the point of wave number of 969.9cm -1 after oleyl alcohol spreads on ceramics, which shows that the infiltration of oleyl alcohol on the surface of silicon nitride ceramics will create a powerful adsorption which can made by chemical reaction or formed hydrogen bonding which is half chemical adsorption.

Introduction There are several schools of thought about bainite transformation. 1) Diffusional: The bainitic ferrite nucleates at parent austenite grain boundary.
Under the assumption that the shape of the advancing interface is parabolic cylinder, the growth rates of a platelike precipitate can be approached by[8]: ( ) ( ) 0.5 0.5 0 1 0 2 1 ( ) 1 p c p e erfc p S v x x S γα π µ ρ ρ = Ω + − + (2) where p is the peclet number and equals to 2Cv D γ ρ in which ρ is the radius of advancing fronts, 0µ is the interfacial kinetic coefficient, 1S and 2S are functions of p and xγα is the carbon concentration at flat interface.
The concentration fields of new grain interact with each other at the late stage of proeutectoid ferrite transformation.

The use of crumb rubber modifiers with asphalt binders seems to enhance the fatigue resistance, as illustrated in a number of studies [5, 6, 7, 8].
Considering rubber grains distributed in CRM binder, the two mixtures are different from the passing percent of 4.75mm sieve size.
The rubber grain can be a fine aggregate in the CRM mixture.